The Vermont Statutes Online

Title 14A : Trusts

Chapter 009 : Uniform Prudent Investor Act and Unitrusts

• § 907. Total return unitrusts

  (a) In this section:

  (1) “Disinterested person” means a person who is not a “related or subordinate party” (as defined in Section 672(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as in effect on the effective date of this title (referred to in this section as the “I.R.C.”)) with respect to the person then acting as trustee of the trust and excludes the settlor of the trust and any interested trustee.

  (2) “Income trust” means a trust, created by either an inter vivos or a testamentary instrument, which directs or permits the trustee to distribute the net income of the trust to one or more persons, either in fixed proportions or in amounts or proportions determined by the trustee and regardless of whether the trust directs or permits the trustee to distribute the principal of the trust to one or more such persons.

  (3) “Interested distributee” means a person to whom distributions of income or principal can currently be made who has the power to remove the existing trustee and designate as successor a person who may be a “related or subordinate party” (as defined in I.R.C. § 672(c)) with respect to such distributee.

  (4) “Interested trustee” means any or all of the following:

  (A) An individual trustee to whom the net income or principal of the trust can currently be distributed or would be distributed if the trust were then to terminate and be distributed;

  (B) Any trustee who may be removed and replaced by an interested distributee;

  (C) An individual trustee whose legal obligation to support a beneficiary may be satisfied by distributions of income and principal of the trust.

  (5) “Total return unitrust” means an income trust which has been converted under and meets the provisions of this section.

  (6) “Settlor” means an individual who created an inter vivos or a testamentary trust.

  (7) “Unitrust amount” means an amount computed as a percentage of the fair market value of the trust.

  (b) A trustee, other than an interested trustee, or when two or more persons are acting as trustee, a majority of the trustees who are not an interested trustee (in either case referred to in this subsection as “trustee”), may, in its sole discretion and without the approval of the Probate Division of the Superior Court:

  (1) Convert an income trust to a total return unitrust;

  (2) Reconvert a total return unitrust to an income trust; or

  (3) Change the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount and the method used to determine the fair market value of the trust if:

  (A) The trustee adopts a written policy for the trust providing:

  (i) In the case of a trust being administered as an income trust, that future distributions from the trust will be unitrust amounts rather than net income;

  (ii) In the case of a trust being administered as a total return unitrust, that future distributions from the trust will be net income rather than unitrust amounts; or

  (iii) That the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount and the method used to determine the fair market value of the trust will be changed as stated in the policy;

  (B) The trustee sends written notice of its intention to take such action, along with copies of such written policy and this section, to:

  (i) The settlor of the trust, if living;

  (ii) All qualified beneficiaries; and

  (iii) All persons acting as trust protectors or trust advisors of the trust;

  (C) At least one person receiving such notice in each tier described in subdivision 103(13) of this title (first tier, second tier, and final beneficiaries) is legally competent; and

  (D) No person receiving such notice objects, by written instrument delivered to the trustee, to the proposed action of the trustee within 30 days of receipt of such notice.

  (c) If there is no trustee of the trust other than an interested trustee, the interested trustee or, when two or more persons are acting as trustee and are interested trustees, a majority of such interested trustees may, in its sole discretion and without the approval of the Probate Division of the Superior Court:

  (1) Convert an income trust to a total return unitrust;

  (2) Reconvert a total return unitrust to an income trust; or

  (3) Change the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount or the method used to determine the fair market value of the trust or both if:

  (A) The trustee adopts a written policy for the trust providing:

  (i) In the case of a trust being administered as an income trust, that future distributions from the trust will be unitrust amounts rather than net income;

  (ii) In the case of a trust being administered as a total return unitrust, that future distributions from the trust will be net income rather than unitrust amounts; or

  (iii) That the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount and the method used to determine the fair market value of the trust will be changed as stated in the policy;

  (B) The trustee appoints a disinterested person who, in its sole discretion but acting in a fiduciary capacity, determines for the trustee:

  (i) The percentage to be used to calculate the unitrust amount;

  (ii) The method to be used in determining the fair market value of the trust; and

  (iii) Which assets, if any, are to be excluded in determining the unitrust amount;

  (C) The trustee sends written notice of its intention to take such action, along with copies of such written policy and this section, and the determinations of the disinterested person to:

  (i) The settlor of the trust, if living;

  (ii) All qualified beneficiaries; and

  (iii) All persons acting as trust protector or trust advisor of the trust;

  (D) At least one person receiving such notice in each tier described in subdivision 103(13) of this title (first tier, second tier, and final beneficiaries) is legally competent; and

  (E) No person receiving such notice objects, by written instrument delivered to the trustee, to the proposed action or the determinations of the disinterested person within 30 days of receipt of such notice.

  (d) A trustee who desires to: convert an income trust to a total return unitrust, reconvert a total return unitrust to an income trust, or change the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount or the method used to determine the fair market value of the trust but does not have the ability or elects not to do it under the provisions of subsection (b) or (c) of this section, the trustee may petition the Probate Division of the Superior Court for such order as the trustee deems appropriate. If there is only one trustee of such trust and such trustee is an interested trustee or in the event there are two or more trustees of such trust and a majority of them are interested trustees, the Probate Division of the Superior Court, in its own discretion or on the petition of such trustee or trustees or any person interested in the trust, may appoint a disinterested person who, acting in a fiduciary capacity, shall present such information to the Probate Division of the Superior Court as shall be necessary to enable the Probate Division of the Superior Court to make its determinations hereunder.

  (e) The fair market value of the trust shall be determined at least annually, using such valuation date or dates or averages of valuation dates as are deemed appropriate. Assets for which a fair market value cannot be readily ascertained shall be valued using such valuation methods as are deemed reasonable and appropriate. Assets used by a trust beneficiary, such as a residence property or tangible personal property, may be excluded from fair market value for computing the unitrust amount.

  (f) The percentage to be used in determining the unitrust amount shall be a reasonable current return from the trust, in any event not less than three percent nor more than five percent, taking into account the intentions of the settlor of the trust as expressed in the governing instrument, the needs of the beneficiaries, general economic conditions, projected current earnings and appreciation for the trust, and projected inflation and its impact on the trust.

  (g) A trustee may act pursuant to subsection (b) or (c) of this section with respect to a trust for which both income and principal have been permanently set aside for charitable purposes under the governing instrument and for which a federal estate or gift tax deduction has been taken, provided that:

  (1) Instead of sending written notice as provided in subsection (b) or (c) of this section, the trustee shall send such written notice to the named charity or charities then entitled to receive income of the trust and, if no named charity or charities are entitled to receive all of such income, to the Attorney General of this State;

  (2) Subdivision (b)(3)(C) or (c)(3)(D) of this section (relating to legal competence of qualified beneficiaries), as the case may be, shall not apply to such action; and

  (3) In each taxable year, the trustee shall distribute the greater of the unitrust amount or the amount required by I.R.C. § 4942.

  (h) Following the conversion of an income trust to a total return unitrust, the trustee:

  (1) shall consider the unitrust amount as paid from net accounting income determined as if the trust were not a unitrust;

  (2) shall then consider the unitrust amount as paid from ordinary income not allocable to net accounting income;

  (3) after calculating the trust’s capital gain net income described in I.R.C. § 1222(9), may consider the unitrust amount as paid from net short-term capital gain described in I.R.C. § 1222(5) and then from net long-term capital gain described in I.R.C. § 1222(7); and

  (4) shall then consider the unitrust amount as coming from the principal of the trust.

  (i) In administering a total return unitrust, the trustee may, in its sole discretion but subject to the provisions of the governing instrument, determine:

  (1) the effective date of the conversion;

  (2) the timing of distributions (including provisions for prorating a distribution for a short year in which a beneficiary’s right to payments commences or ceases);

  (3) whether distributions are to be made in cash or in kind or partly in cash and partly in kind;

  (4) if the trust is reconverted to an income trust, the effective date of such reconversion; and

  (5) such other administrative issues as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.

  (j) Conversion to a total return unitrust under the provisions of this section shall not affect any other provision of the governing instrument, if any, regarding distributions of principal.

  (k) In the case of a trust for which a marital deduction has been taken for federal tax purposes under I.R.C. § 2056 or § 2523, the spouse otherwise entitled to receive the net income of the trust shall have the right, by written instrument delivered to the trustee, to compel the reconversion during that spouse’s lifetime of the trust from a total return unitrust to an income trust, notwithstanding anything in this section to the contrary.

  (l) This section shall be construed as pertaining to the administration of a trust and shall be available to any trust that is administered in Vermont under Vermont law or to any trust, regardless of its place of administration, whose governing instrument provides that Vermont law governs matters of construction or administration unless:

  (1) The governing instrument reflects an intention that the current beneficiary or beneficiaries are to receive an amount other than a reasonable current return from the trust;

  (2) The trust is a pooled income fund described in I.R.C. § 642(c)(5) or a charitable-remainder trust described in I.R.C. § 664(d);

  (3) The governing instrument expressly prohibits use of this section by specific reference to the section or expressly states the settlor’s intent that net income not be calculated as a unitrust amount. A provision in the governing instrument that “The provisions of section 907 of this title, as amended, or any corresponding provision of future law, shall not be used in the administration of this trust” or “My trustee shall not determine the distributions to the income beneficiary as a unitrust amount” or similar words reflecting such intent shall be sufficient to preclude the use of this section.

  (m) Any trustee or disinterested person who in good faith takes or fails to take any action under this section shall not be liable to any person affected by such action or inaction, regardless of whether such person received written notice as provided in this section and regardless of whether such person was under a legal disability at the time of the delivery of such notice. Such person’s exclusive remedy shall be to obtain an order of the Probate Division of the Superior Court directing the trustee to convert an income trust to a total return unitrust, to reconvert from a total return unitrust to an income trust, or to change the percentage used to calculate the unitrust amount. (Added 2009, No. 20, § 1; amended 2009, No. 92 (Adj. Sess.), § 10; 2009, No. 154 (Adj. Sess.), § 236, eff. February 1, 2011.)