The Vermont Statutes Online
The Statutes below include the actions of the 2024 session of the General Assembly.
NOTE: The Vermont Statutes Online is an unofficial copy of the Vermont Statutes Annotated that is provided as a convenience.
Title 24: Municipal and County Government
Chapter 101: Sewage, Sewage Disposal, and Stormwater Systems
§ 3601. Definitions
As used in this chapter:
(1) “Board” means the board of sewage system commissioners.
(2) “Domestic sewage” or “house sewage” means sanitary sewage derived principally from dwellings, business buildings, and institutions.
(3) “Industrial wastes” or “trade wastes” means liquid wastes from industrial processes, including suspended solids.
(4) “Necessity” means a reasonable need that considers the greatest public good and the least inconvenience and expense to the condemning party and to the property owner. Necessity shall not be measured merely by expense or convenience to the condemning party. Due consideration shall be given to the adequacy of other property and locations; to the quantity, kind, and extent of property that may be taken or rendered unfit for use by the proposed taking; to the probable term of unfitness for use of the property; to the effect of construction upon scenic and recreational values, upon home and homestead rights and the convenience of the owner of the land; to the effect upon town grand list and revenues.
(5) “Sanitary sewage” means used water supply commonly containing human excrement.
(6) “Sanitary treatment” means an approved method of treatment of solids and bacteria in sewage before final discharge.
(7) “Sewage” means the used water supply of a community, including such used water supply or stormwater as may or may not be mixed with these liquid wastes from the community.
(8) “Sewage system” means any equipment, stormwater control system, pipeline system, and facilities as are needed for and appurtenant to the treatment or disposal of sewage and waters, including a sewage treatment or disposal plant and separate pipelines and structural or nonstructural facilities as are needed for and appurtenant to the treatment or disposal of storm, surface, and subsurface waters.
(9) The phrase “sewage treatment or disposal plant” includes, for the purposes of this chapter, any plant, equipment, system, and facilities, whether structural or nonstructural, as are necessary for and appurtenant to the treatment or disposal by approved sanitary methods of domestic sewage, garbage, industrial wastes, stormwater, or surface water.
(10) “Stormwater” has the same meaning as “stormwater runoff” under 10 V.S.A. § 1264.
(11) “Stormwater management system” means any structure, or improvement, whether structural or nonstructural, necessary for collecting, containing, controlling, treating, or conveying stormwater, including sewers, curbs, drains, conduits, natural and man-made channels, settling ponds, pipes, and culverts. (1963, No. 214, § 1; amended 2001, No. 109 (Adj. Sess.), § 8, eff. May 16, 2002; 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§§ 3601a-3601f. [Renumbered.]
§ 3602. Board of commissioners; membership
(a) Except as provided for in subsection (b) of this section, the selectboard of a town, the trustees of a village, the prudential committee of a fire or lighting district, or the mayor and board of aldermen of a city, shall be the board of commissioners for the sewage system of a municipality.
(b) The legislative body of the municipality may vote to constitute a separate board of sewage system commissioners. The board shall have not less than three nor more than seven members, who shall be residents of the municipality. Members shall be appointed, and any vacancy filled, by the legislative body of the municipality. The term of each member shall be four years. Any member may be removed by the legislative body of the municipality for just cause after due notice and hearing. (Added 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3603. Board of commissioners; duties and authority
(a) The board shall have the supervision of the municipal sewage system and shall make and establish all needed rates for rent and rules for control and operation of the system. The board may require:
(1) the owners of buildings, subdivisions, or developments abutting a public street or highway to have all sewers from those buildings, subdivisions, or developments connected to the municipal corporation’s sewer system; and
(2) any individual, person, or corporation to connect to the municipal sewage system for the purposes of abating pollution of the waters of the State.
(b) The commissioners may appoint or remove a superintendent at their pleasure. (Added 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3604. Sewage system; construction
A municipal corporation may:
(1) construct, maintain, operate, and repair a sewage system;
(2) pursuant to the procedures established in this chapter, take, purchase, and acquire real estate and easements necessary for its purposes;
(3) may enter in and upon any land for the purpose of making surveys; and
(4) may lay and connect pipes, stormwater management systems, and sewers as may be necessary to convey and treat stormwater runoff or sewage and dispose of sewage. (Amended and renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3602 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3605. Entry on lands
A municipal corporation, for the purposes enumerated in section 3604 of this chapter, may:
(1) enter upon and use any land and enclosures over or through which it may be necessary for pipes, stormwater management systems, and sewer to pass;
(2) at any time, place, lay, and construct any pipes and sewers, appurtenances, and connections as may be necessary for the complete construction and repairing of the system; and
(3) open the ground in any streets, lanes, avenues, highways, and public grounds for the purposes described in this section, provided that the streets, lanes, avenues, highways, and public grounds shall not be injured but shall be left in as good condition as before the laying of the pipes, stormwater management systems, and sewers. (Amended and renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3603 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3606. Petition for hearing to determine necessity
The municipal corporation may agree with all the owners of land or interest in land affected by a survey made under section 3604 of this chapter for the conveyance of the owners’ interest. Where the agreement is not made, the board shall petition the Civil Division of the Superior Court, setting forth in the petition that the board proposes to take certain land, or rights in the land, and describing the lands or rights. The survey shall be included in the petition. The petition shall set forth the purposes for which the land or rights are desired and shall contain a request that the court fix a time and place when the court will hear all parties concerned and determine whether the taking is necessary. (1963, No. 214, § 2; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3604 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3607. Hearing to determine necessity
The judge to whom the petition is presented shall fix the time for hearing, which shall not be more than 60 or less than 30 days from the date the judge signs the order. Likewise, the judge shall fix the place for hearing, which shall be the county courthouse or any other convenient place within the county in which the land in question is located. If the Superior judge to whom the petition is presented cannot hear the petition at the time set for the hearing, the Chief Superior Judge shall assign another Superior judge to hear the cause at the time and place assigned in the order. (1963, No. 214, § 3; amended 2021, No. 147 (Adj. Sess.), § 28, eff. May 31, 2022; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3605 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3608. Service and publication of petition
(a) A copy of the petition together with a copy of the court’s order fixing the time and place of hearing shall be published in a newspaper having general circulation in the town in which the land included in the survey lies once a week for three consecutive weeks on the same day of the week. The last publication to be not less than five days before the hearing date.
(b) A copy of the petition, together with a copy of the court’s order fixing the time and place of hearing, and a copy of the survey shall be placed on file in the clerk’s office of the town.
(c) The petition, together with the court’s order fixing the time and place of hearing, shall be served upon each person owning or having an interest in land to be purchased or condemned like a summons, or, on absent defendants, in the manner as the Supreme Court may by rule provide for service of process in civil actions. If the service on any defendant is impossible, upon affidavit of the sheriff, deputy sheriff, or constable attempting service, stating that the location of the defendant within or outside the State is unknown and that the defendant has no known agent or attorney in the State of Vermont upon whom service may be made, the publication required by this section shall be deemed sufficient service on the defendant.
(d) Compliance with the provisions of this section shall constitute sufficient service upon and notice to any person owning or having any interest in the land proposed to be taken or affected. (1963, No. 214, § 4; amended 1971, No. 185 (Adj. Sess.), § 203, eff. March 29, 1972; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3606 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3609. Hearing and order of necessity
(a) At the time and place appointed for the hearing, the court shall hear all persons interested and wishing to be heard. If any person owning or having an interest in land to be taken or affected appears and objects to the necessity of taking the land included within the survey or any part of the survey, then the court shall require the board to proceed with the introduction of evidence of the necessity of the taking.
(b) The burden of proof of the necessity of the taking shall be upon the board.
(c) The court may cite in additional parties including other property owners whose interests may be concerned or affected by any taking of land or interest in land based on any ultimate order of the court.
(d) The court shall make findings of fact and file them. The court shall, by its order, determine whether necessity requires the taking of land and rights and may modify or alter the proposed taking as the court may deem proper. (1963, No. 214, § 5; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3607 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3610. Appeal from order of necessity
(a) If the State, municipal corporation, or any owner affected by the order of the court is aggrieved by the order, an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court in the manner as the Supreme Court may by rule provide for appeals from the Civil Division of the Superior Court.
(b) In the event an appeal is taken, all proceedings shall be stayed until final disposition of the appeal. If no appeals are taken within the time provided or, if appeal is taken, upon its final disposition, a copy of the order of the court shall be placed on file within 10 days in the office of the clerk of each town in which the land affected lies, and for a period of one year, the board may institute proceedings for the condemnation of the land included in the survey as finally approved by the court without further hearing or consideration of any question of the necessity of the taking. (1963, No. 214, § 6; amended 1971, No. 185 (Adj. Sess.), § 204, eff. March 29, 1972; 1973, No. 193 (Adj. Sess.), § 3, eff. April 9, 1974; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3608 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3611. Compensation; condemnation
(a) When an owner of land or rights in land and the board are unable to agree on the amount of compensation or in case the owner is an infant, a person who lacks capacity to protect the person’s interests due to a mental condition or psychiatric disability, absent from the State, unknown, or the owner of a contingent or uncertain interest, a Superior judge may, on the application of either party, cause the notice to be given of the application as the judge may prescribe, and after proof of the application, the judge may appoint three disinterested persons to examine the property to be taken or damaged by the municipal corporation.
(b) After being duly sworn, the commissioners shall, upon due notice to all parties in interest, view the premises, hear the parties in respect to the property, and shall assess and award to the owners and persons so interested just damages for any injury sustained and make report in writing to the judge.
(c) In determining damages resulting from the taking or use of property under the provisions of this chapter, the added value, if any, to the remaining property or right in property that inures directly to the owner as a result of the taking or use as distinguished from the general public benefit shall be considered.
(d) The judge may accept the report, unless just cause is shown to the contrary, and order the municipal corporation to pay the same in the time and manner as the judge may prescribe, in full compensation for the property taken, or the injury done by the municipal corporation, or the judge may reject or recommit the report if the ends of justice so require. On compliance with the order, the municipal corporation may proceed with the construction of its work without liability for further claim for damages. In the judge’s discretion, the judge may award costs in the proceeding. Appeals from the order may be taken to the Supreme Court under 12 V.S.A. chapter 102. (Amended 1963, No. 214, § 7; 2013, No. 96 (Adj. Sess.), § 155; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3609 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3612. Record
Within 60 days after the taking of any property, franchise, easement, or right under the provisions of this chapter, the municipal corporation shall file a description of the property in the office of the clerk where the land records are required by law to be kept. (Amended and renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3610 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3613. Contract for sewage disposal
(a) A municipal corporation may contract with the State, the federal government, or any appropriate agency of the State or federal government; any town, city, or village; any corporation; and any individuals to make disposal of sewage or stormwater for the other town, city, village, corporation, or individuals. When consistent with State or federal law, the municipal corporation may make sale of sludge or fertilizer byproducts incident to sewage disposal, and the proceeds from the sale shall be turned over to the treasury of the sewage system and credited as is other income derived under the authority of this chapter.
(b) A municipal corporation is authorized to enter into, with any contracting party or parties, contracts, leases, or lease-purchase agreements with respect to the construction, operation, and maintenance of sewage disposal plants. These contracts may be entered into for terms not to exceed 40 years or the useful life of the plant, whichever is less. (Amended 1983, No. 191 (Adj. Sess.), § 1; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3611 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3614. Charges; enforcement
(a) A property owner or group of property owners using the sewage system shall be liable for the rent fixed by the board pursuant to this chapter. The charges, rates, or rents for the sewage system shall be a lien upon the real estate furnished with such service in the same manner and to the same effect as taxes are a lien upon real estate under 32 V.S.A. § 5061 and shall be an assessment enforceable under the procedures in subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section, or a combination of these procedures.
(b) When an assessment remains unpaid for a period of 30 days, the treasurer of the municipality may issue a warrant for its collection directed to the collector of taxes, who shall have the same power to enforce the collection and shall proceed in the same manner as provided by law for the collection of taxes under 32 V.S.A. chapter 133, subchapter 9.
(c) When the ratepayer fails to render payment for a valid bill or charge within 30 days of the postmark on the bill or on the due date, the appointed and elected municipal officials may proceed with collection of the delinquency as provided in chapter 129 of this title.
(d) When an assessment remains unpaid for two years, the municipal officials may proceed to enforce the lien as provided in 32 V.S.A. chapter 133, subchapter 8. (Amended 1983, No. 54, § 2; 1987, No. 24, § 2; 1989, No. 45, § 4; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3612 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3615. Taxes, bonds
For the purpose of adequately making disposal of sewage within its boundaries; successfully organizing, establishing, and operating its sewage plant, sewage disposal plant, or some form of sewage treatment plant; and making improvements as may be necessary, a municipal corporation may:
(1) purchase, take, and hold real and personal estate;
(2) borrow money;
(3) levy and collect taxes upon the ratable estate of the municipal corporation necessary for the payment of municipal corporation sewage and sewage disposal expenses and indebtedness;
(4) issue for the purposes of this section evidences of indebtedness pursuant to chapter 53, subchapter 2 of this title or its negotiable bonds pursuant to chapter 53, subchapter 1 of this title; provided, however, that bonds so issued:
(A) shall not be considered as indebtedness of the municipal corporation limited by the provisions of section 1762 of this title;
(B) may be paid in not more than 30 years from the date of issue notwithstanding the limitation of section 1759 of this title;
(C) may be authorized by a majority of all the voters present and voting on the question at a meeting of the municipal corporation held for this purpose pursuant to chapter 53, subchapter 1 of this title notwithstanding any provisions of general or special law that may require a greater vote, and may be so arranged that beginning with the first year in which principal is payable, the amount of principal and interest in any year shall be as nearly equal as is practicable according to the denomination in which the bonds or other evidences of indebtedness are issued notwithstanding other permissible payment schedules authorized by section 1759 of this title. (Amended 1959, No. 207, § 2; 1961, No. 96, eff. May 3, 1961; 1971, No. 166 (Adj. Sess.), § 2, eff. March 22, 1972; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3613 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3616. Rents; rates
(a) A municipal corporation, through its board may establish rates, rents, or charges to be paid as the board may prescribe. The board may establish annual charges separately for bond repayment, fixed operations and maintenance costs and variable operations and maintenance costs dependent on flow.
(b) The rates, rents, or charges may be based upon:
(1) the metered consumption of water on premises connected with the sewer system, however, the board may determine no user will be billed for fixed operations and maintenance costs and bond payment less than the average single-family charge;
(2) the number of equivalent units connected with or served by the sewage system based upon their estimated flows compared to the estimated flows from a single-family dwelling, however, the board may determine no user will be billed less than the minimum charge determined for the single-family dwelling charge for fixed operations and maintenance costs and bond payment;
(3) the strength and flow where wastes stronger than household wastes are involved;
(4) the appraised value of premises, in the event that the commissioners shall determine the sewage disposal plant to be of general benefit to the municipality regardless of actual connection with the same;
(5) the commissioners’ determination developed using any other equitable basis such as the number and kind of plumbing fixtures; the number of persons residing on or frequenting the premises served by those sewers; and the topography, size, type of use, or impervious area of any premises;
(6) for groundwater, surface, or stormwater an equivalent residential unit based on an average area of impervious surface on residential property within the municipality; or
(7) any combination of these bases, provided the combination is equitable.
(c) The basis for establishing rates, rents, or charges shall be reviewed annually by the board. No premises otherwise exempt from taxation, including premises owned by the State of Vermont, shall, by virtue of the exemption, be exempt from charges established under this section. The commissioners may change the rates rents, or charges as may be reasonably required.
(d) Where one of the bases of a rent, rate, or charge is the appraised value and the premises to be appraised are tax exempt, the board may cause the listers to appraise the property, including State property, for the purpose of determining the rates, rents, or charges. The right of appeal from the appraisal shall be the same as provided in 32 V.S.A. chapter 131. The Commissioner of Finance and Management is authorized to issue warrants for rates, rents, or charges against State property and transmit to the State Treasurer who shall draw a voucher in payment of the rates, rents, or charges. No charge so established and no tax levied under the provisions of section 3615 of this title shall be considered to be a part of any tax authorized to be assessed by the legislative body of any municipality for general purposes but shall be in addition to any such tax so authorized to be assessed.
(e) Rates, rents, or charges established in accord with this section may be assessed by the board to derive the revenue required to pay pollution charges assessed against a municipal corporation under 10 V.S.A. § 1263.
(f) When a rate, rent, or charge established under this section for the management of stormwater is applied to property owned, controlled, or managed by the Agency of Transportation, the charge shall not exceed the highest rate category applicable to other properties in the municipality, and the Agency of Transportation shall receive a 35 percent credit on the charge. The Agency of Transportation shall receive no other credit on the charge from the municipal corporation. (Amended 1959, No. 111, eff. April 14, 1959; 1971, No. 97, § 5, eff. April 22, 1971; 1973, No. 112, § 8, eff. April 25, 1973; 1983, No. 195 (Adj. Sess.), § 5(b); 1989, No. 45, § 5; 2001, No. 109 (Adj. Sess.), § 9, eff. May 16, 2002; 2015, No. 158 (Adj. Sess.), § 29, eff. June 2, 2016; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3615 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3617. Duties; use of proceeds
(a) The charges and receipts of the department shall only be used and applied to pay the interest and principal of the sewage disposal bonds of the municipal corporation, the expense of maintenance and operation of the sewage system, or other expenses of the sewage system.
(b) The charges and receipts also may be used to develop a dedicated fund that may be created by the board to finance major rehabilitation, major maintenance, and upgrade costs for the sewer system. This fund may be established by an annual set-aside of up to 15 percent of the normal operations, maintenance, and bond payment costs, except that with respect to subsurface leachfield systems, the annual set-aside may equal up to 100 percent of these costs. The fund shall not exceed the estimated future major rehabilitation, major maintenance, or upgrade costs for the sewer system. Any dedicated fund shall be insured at least to the level provided by FDIC and withdrawals shall be made only for the purposes for which the fund was established. Any dedicated fund may be established and controlled in accord with section 2804 of this title or may be established by act of the legislative body of the municipality. Funds so established shall meet the requirements of subdivision 4756(a)(4) of this title.
(c) Where the municipal legislative body establishes a dedicated fund pursuant to this section, it shall first adopt a municipal ordinance authorizing and controlling the funds. The ordinance and any local policies governing the funds must conform to the requirements of this section.
(d) The charges, receipts, and revenue may also be used for stormwater management, control, and treatment; flood resiliency; floodplain restoration; and other similar measures. (Amended 1967, No. 181, § 3, eff. April 17, 1967; 1989, No. 45, § 6; 2003, No. 115 (Adj. Sess.), § 81, eff. Jan. 31, 2005; renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3616 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3618. Ordinances
The municipal corporation shall have the power to make, establish, alter, amend, or repeal ordinances, regulations, and bylaws relating to the matters contained in this chapter, consistent with law, and to impose penalties for the breach of an ordinance and enforce those penalties. (Amended and renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3617 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§ 3619. Meetings; vote
Any action taken by a municipal corporation under the provisions of this chapter or relating to the matters contained in this chapter, may be taken by vote of the legislative body of the municipal corporation, excepting the issuance of bonds and, in municipalities wherein the legislative body is not otherwise given the power to levy taxes, the levying of a tax under section 3615 of this title; provided, however, that no action shall be taken hereunder unless the construction of a sewage disposal plant shall have first been authorized by majority vote of the legal voters of the municipal corporation attending a meeting warned for that purpose. (Amended and renumbered from 24 V.S.A. § 3618 by 2023, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. July 1, 2024.)
§§ 3619-3624. Repealed. 1971, No. 97, § 6, eff. April 22, 1971.
§ 3625. Allocation of sewage capacity
(a) When capacity under an original or amended discharge permit under 10 V.S.A. § 1263 is or has been granted to any municipality, as defined in 1 V.S.A. § 126, except existing town school districts or incorporated school districts, that capacity shall be allocated, in a manner consistent with a municipality’s obligation to its bondholders to establish rates and apply the proceeds as set forth in section 3616 of this title, pursuant to one of the following, whether in the form as adopted, or as later amended:
(1) An ordinance adopted under sections 1972 and 1973 of this title. This ordinance may authorize the municipality to include, in any specific allocation, phasing provisions and other conditions intended to implement provisions of a municipal plan adopted under section 4385 of this title or bylaws adopted under section 4442 of this title.
(2) Bylaws adopted under section 4442 of this title.
(3) Interim bylaws adopted under section 4415 of this title.
(b) Until an ordinance, interim bylaw, or bylaw for allocation of capacity is adopted by a municipality that grants zoning permits pursuant to the provisions of section 4449 of this title:
(1) Capacity may be allocated in amounts not to exceed 6,500 gallons per day, per recipient, and only upon granting of such a permit.
(2) Capacity allocated in conjunction with a permit granted pursuant to the provisions of section 4443 of this title shall revert to the municipality if the permit recipient has failed to initiate construction within one year of the issuance of the permit or has failed to complete construction within three years of the issuance of the permit. At the end of the three-year period, the reserve capacity associated with any unconstructed portion of the project, as determined by the legislative body of the municipality, shall revert to the issuing municipality unless that municipality has specifically required that construction proceed over a period longer than three years.
(3) The legislative body of the municipality shall make the final determination with respect to whether construction has been initiated or completed.
(c) Until an ordinance for allocation of capacity is adopted by a municipality that does not grant zoning permits pursuant to the provisions of section 4449 of this title:
(1) Capacity may be allocated only in amounts not to exceed 6,500 gallons per day, per recipient, and only upon granting of capacity by the municipal legislative body during a duly warned meeting.
(2) Capacity allocated under this subsection shall revert to the municipality if the capacity recipient has failed to initiate construction within one year of the issuance of the allocation or has failed to complete construction within three years of the issuance of the allocation. At the end of the three-year period, the reserve capacity associated with any unconstructed portion of the project, as determined by the legislative body of the municipality, shall revert to the issuing municipality unless that municipality has specifically required that construction proceed over a period longer than three years.
(3) The legislative body of the municipality shall make the final determination with respect to whether construction has been initiated or completed.
(d) When a municipality is not a town, city, or incorporated village, the towns, cities, or incorporated villages in which the municipality is located shall allocate capacity within their corporate boundaries in accordance with the provisions of this section.
(e) This section shall not apply to capacity that is committed or allocated before July 1, 1989. Capacity is committed by a town, city, incorporated village, or fire district when, following issuance of an original or amended discharge permit, formal action to commit is taken by the legislative body at a duly warned meeting. Capacity obtained by a municipality through an intermunicipal contract that existed on July 1, 1989, shall be treated as capacity granted to that municipality, and shall be distributed by that municipality according to the provisions of this section. (Added 1989, No. 116, § 1; amended 2003, No. 63, § 52, eff. June 11, 2003; 2019, No. 131 (Adj. Sess.), § 267.)