The Vermont Statutes Online

Title 23: Motor Vehicles

Chapter 010: Transportation Network Companies

• § 750. Definitions; insurance requirements

  (a) Definitions. As used in this chapter:

  (1) “Digital network” or “network” means any online-enabled application, software, website, or system offered or used by a transportation network company that enables the prearrangement of rides with transportation network company drivers.

  (2) “Personal vehicle” means a vehicle that is:

  (A) used by a driver to provide a prearranged ride;

  (B) owned, leased, or otherwise authorized for use by the driver; and

  (C) not a taxicab, limousine, or other for-hire vehicle.

  (3) “Prearranged ride” or “ride” means the transportation provided by a driver to a transportation network company rider, beginning when a driver accepts the rider’s request for a ride through a digital network controlled by a company, continuing while the driver transports the rider, and ending when the last rider departs from the vehicle. The term does not include:

  (A) shared-expense carpool or vanpool arrangements;

  (B) use of a taxicab, limousine, or other for-hire vehicle;

  (C) use of a public or private regional transportation company that operates along a fixed route; or

  (D) a ride furnished through a broker using a publicly funded network to connect riders to drivers through the Elders and Persons with Disabilities Program, Medicaid Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Program, or other similar governmental transportation program.

  (4) “Transportation network company” or “company” means a person that uses a digital network to connect riders to drivers who provide prearranged rides.

  (5) “Transportation network company driver” or “driver” means an individual who:

  (A) receives connections to potential riders and related services from a transportation network company in exchange for payment of a fee to the company; and

  (B) uses a personal vehicle to offer or provide a prearranged ride to riders upon connection through a digital network controlled by a transportation network company in exchange for compensation or payment of a fee.

  (6) “Transportation network company rider” or “rider” means an individual who uses a company’s digital network to connect with a driver who provides rides in his or her personal vehicle between points chosen by the rider.

  (b) Company’s financial responsibility.

  (1) Beginning on July 1, 2018, a driver, or a company on the driver’s behalf, shall maintain primary automobile insurance that recognizes that the driver is a company driver or otherwise uses a vehicle to transport passengers for compensation and covers the driver while the driver is logged on to the company’s digital network or while the driver is engaged in a prearranged ride.

  (2)(A) The following automobile insurance requirements shall apply while a participating driver is logged on to the transportation network company’s digital network and is available to receive transportation requests but is not engaged in a prearranged ride:

  (i) primary automobile liability insurance in the amount of at least $50,000.00 for death and bodily injury per person, $100,000.00 for death and bodily injury per incident, and $25,000.00 for property damage; and

  (ii) any other State-mandated coverage under section 941 of this title.

  (B) The coverage requirements of this subdivision (2) may be satisfied by any of the following:

  (i) automobile insurance maintained by the driver;

  (ii) automobile insurance maintained by the company; or

  (iii) any combination of subdivisions (i) and (ii) of this subdivision (2)(B).

  (3)(A) The following automobile insurance requirements shall apply while a driver is engaged in a prearranged ride:

  (i) primary automobile liability insurance that provides at least $1,000,000.00 for death, bodily injury, and property damage;

  (ii) uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage that provides at least $1,000,000.00 for death, bodily injury, and property damage; and

  (iii) $5,000.00 in medical payments coverage (Med Pay).

  (B) The coverage requirements of this subdivision (3) may be satisfied by any of the following:

  (i) automobile insurance maintained by the driver;

  (ii) automobile insurance maintained by the company; or

  (iii) any combination of subdivisions (i) and (ii) of this subdivision (3)(B).

  (4) If insurance maintained by a driver under subdivision (2) or (3) of this subsection has lapsed or does not provide the required coverage, insurance maintained by the company shall provide such coverage beginning with the first dollar of a claim and shall have the duty to defend such claim.

  (5) Coverage under an automobile insurance policy maintained by the company shall not be dependent on a personal automobile insurer’s first denying a claim nor shall a personal automobile insurance policy be required to first deny a claim.

  (6) Insurance required by this subsection may be placed with an insurer licensed under 8 V.S.A. chapter 101 (insurance companies generally) or 138 (surplus lines insurance).

  (7) Insurance satisfying the requirements of this subsection shall be deemed to satisfy the financial responsibility requirement for a motor vehicle under section 800 of this title.

  (8) A driver shall carry proof of coverage satisfying this section at all times during use of a vehicle in connection with a company’s digital network. In the event of a crash or a traffic violation, a driver shall provide this insurance coverage information to the directly interested parties, automobile insurers, and law enforcement, upon request. Upon such request, a driver shall also disclose whether he or she was logged on to the network or was on a prearranged ride at the time of a crash or traffic violation.

  (9) A person who fails to maintain primary automobile insurance as required in subdivisions (2) and (3) of this subsection (b) shall be assessed a civil penalty consistent with subsection 800(b) of this title, and such violation shall be a traffic violation within the meaning of chapter 24 of this title. A person who fails to carry proof of insurance as required under subdivision (8) of this subsection shall be subject to a civil penalty consistent with subsection 800(d) of this title. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, a person who operates a vehicle without financial responsibility as required by this subsection is subject to administrative action as set forth in chapter 11 of this title.

  (c) Disclosures. A transportation network company shall disclose in writing to its drivers the following before they are allowed to accept a request for a prearranged ride on the company’s digital network:

  (1) the insurance coverage, including the types of coverage and the limits for each coverage, that the company provides while the driver uses a personal vehicle in connection with the company’s network; and

  (2) that the driver’s own automobile insurance policy, depending on its terms, might not provide any coverage while the driver is logged on to the company’s network and available to receive transportation requests or engaged in a prearranged ride.

  (d) Automobile insurers.

  (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, insurers that write automobile insurance in Vermont may exclude any and all coverage afforded under a policy issued to an owner or operator of a personal vehicle for any loss or injury that occurs while a driver is logged on to a transportation network company’s digital network or while a driver provides a prearranged ride. This right to exclude all coverage may apply to any coverage in an automobile insurance policy, including:

  (A) liability coverage for bodily injury and property damage;

  (B) personal injury protection coverage;

  (C) uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage;

  (D) medical payments coverage;

  (E) comprehensive physical damage coverage; and

  (F) collision physical damage coverage.

  (2) Nothing in this subsection implies or requires that a personal automobile insurance policy provide coverage while the driver is logged on to a company’s digital network, while the driver is engaged in a prearranged ride, or while the driver otherwise uses a vehicle to transport passengers for compensation.

  (3) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require an insurer to use any particular policy language or reference to this section in order to exclude any and all coverage for any loss or injury that occurs while a driver is logged on to a company’s digital network or while a driver provides a prearranged ride.

  (4) Nothing in this subsection is deemed to preclude an insurer from providing primary or excess coverage for the driver’s vehicle, if it chooses to do so by contract or endorsement.

  (5) Insurers that exclude the coverage described under subsection (b) of this section shall have no duty to defend or indemnify any claim expressly excluded.

  (6) Nothing in this section is deemed to invalidate or limit an exclusion contained in a policy, including any policy in use or approved for use in Vermont prior to the enactment of this section, that excludes coverage for vehicles used to carry persons or property for a charge or available for hire by the public.

  (7) An insurer that defends or indemnifies a claim against a driver that is excluded under the terms of its policy shall have a right of contribution against other insurers that provide automobile insurance to the same driver in satisfaction of the coverage requirements of subsection (b) of this section at the time of loss.

  (8) In a claims coverage investigation, transportation network companies shall immediately provide, upon request by directly involved parties or any insurer of the transportation network company driver, if applicable, the precise times that a transportation network company driver logged on and off the transportation network company’s digital network in the 12-hour period immediately preceding and in the 12-hour period immediately following the crash. Insurers providing coverage under subsection (b) of this section shall disclose, upon request by any other insurer involved in the particular claim, the applicable charges, exclusions, and limits provided under any automobile insurance maintained in order to satisfy the requirements of subsection (b) of this section. (Added 2018, No. 3 (Sp. Sess.), § 2; amended 2019, No. 131 (Adj. Sess.), §§ 161, 162; 2021, No. 20, § 237.)

• § 751. Driver requirements; background checks

  (a) A company shall not allow an individual to act as a driver on the company’s network without requiring the individual to submit to the company an application that includes:

  (1) the individual’s name, address, and date of birth;

  (2) a copy of the individual’s driver’s license;

  (3) a copy of the registration for the personal vehicle that the individual will use to provide prearranged rides; and

  (4) proof of financial responsibility for the personal vehicle described in subdivision (3) of this subsection of a type and in the amounts required by the company.

  (b)(1) A company shall not allow an individual to act as a driver on the company’s network unless, with respect to the driver, the company:

  (A) contracts with an accredited entity to conduct a local, State, and national background check of the individual, including the multistate-multijurisdiction criminal records locator or other similar national database, the U.S. Department of Justice national sex offender public website, and the Vermont sex offender public website;

  (B) confirms that the individual is at least 18 years of age and, if the individual is 18 years of age, that the individual has at least one year of driving experience or has been issued a commercial driver’s license; and

  (C) confirms that the individual possesses proof of registration, automobile liability insurance, and proof of inspection if required by the state of vehicle registration for the vehicle to be used to provide prearranged rides.

  (2) The background checks required by this subsection shall be conducted annually by the company.

  (3) With respect to an individual who is a driver as of July 1, 2018, the requirements of subdivision (1)(A) of this subsection shall be deemed satisfied if the background check is completed within 30 days of July 1, 2018 or if a background check that satisfies the requirements of subdivision (1)(A) of this subsection was conducted by the company on or after July 1, 2017. This subdivision shall not be construed to exempt drivers from undergoing an annual background check as required under subdivision (2) of this subsection.

  (c) A company shall not allow an individual to act as a driver on the company’s network if the company knows or should know that the individual:

  (1) has been convicted within the last seven years of:

  (A) a listed crime as defined in 13 V.S.A. § 5301(7);

  (B) a felony level violation of 18 V.S.A. chapter 84 for selling, dispensing, or trafficking a regulated drug;

  (C) a violation of section 1201 (operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs) of this title;

  (D) a felony violation of 13 V.S.A. chapter 47 (frauds) or 57 (larceny and embezzlement); or

  (E) a comparable offense in another jurisdiction;

  (2) has been convicted within the last three years of:

  (A) more than three moving violations as defined in subdivision 4(44) of this title;

  (B) grossly negligent operation of a motor vehicle in violation of section 1091 of this title or operating with a suspended or revoked license in violation of section 674 of this title; or

  (C) a comparable offense in another jurisdiction;

  (3) has been subject to a civil suspension within the last five years under section 1205 (operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs) of this title; or

  (4) is listed on the U.S. Department of Justice national sex offender public website or the Vermont sex offender public website or has been convicted of homicide, manslaughter, kidnapping, or an offense involving sexual exploitation of children in violation of 13 V.S.A. chapter 64.

  (d) A company shall establish and enforce a zero tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use by drivers during any period when a driver is engaged in, or is logged on to the company’s network but is not engaged in, a prearranged ride. The policy shall include provisions for investigations of alleged policy violations and the suspension of drivers under investigation.

  (e) A company shall require that a personal vehicle used to provide prearranged rides comply with all applicable laws and regulations concerning vehicle equipment. (Added 2018, No. 3 (Sp. Sess.), § 2; amended 2019, No. 131 (Adj. Sess.), § 163; 2023, No. 85 (Adj. Sess.), § 278, eff. July 1, 2024.)

• § 752. Records; inspection

  (a) The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles or designee, not more frequently than once per year, shall visually inspect a random sample of up to 25 drivers’ records per company demonstrating compliance with the requirements of this chapter. The records inspected pursuant to this section shall pertain to drivers operating in Vermont. A company shall have an ongoing duty to make such records available for inspection under this section during reasonable business hours and in a manner approved by the Commissioner.

  (b) The Commissioner or designee may visually inspect additional random samples of drivers’ records if there is a reasonable basis to suspect that a company is not in compliance with this chapter. The records inspected pursuant to this section shall pertain to drivers operating in Vermont.

  (c) If the Commissioner receives notice of a complaint against a company or a driver, the company shall cooperate in investigating the complaint, including producing any necessary records.

  (d) Any records, data, or information disclosed to the Commissioner by a company, including the names, addresses, and any other personally identifiable information regarding drivers, are exempt from inspection and copying under the Public Records Act and shall not be released. (Added 2018, No. 3 (Sp. Sess.), § 2.)

• § 753. Enforcement; administrative penalties

  (a) The Commissioner of Motor Vehicles may impose an administrative penalty pursuant to this section if a company violates a provision of this chapter.

  (b) A violation may be subject to an administrative penalty of not more than $500.00. Each violation is a separate and distinct offense and, in the case of a continuing violation, each day’s continuance may be deemed a separate and distinct offense.

  (c) The company shall be given notice and opportunity for a hearing for alleged violations under this section. Service of the notice shall be sufficient if sent by first-class mail to the applicable address on file with the Secretary of State. The notice shall include the following:

  (1) a factual description of the alleged violation;

  (2) a reference to the particular statute allegedly violated;

  (3) the amount of the proposed administrative penalty; and

  (4) a warning that the company will be deemed to have waived its right to a hearing and that the penalty will be imposed if no hearing is requested within 15 days from the date of the notice.

  (d) A company that receives notice under subsection (c) of this section shall be deemed to have waived the right to a hearing unless, within 15 days from the date of the notice, the company requests a hearing in writing. If the company waives the right to a hearing, the Commissioner shall issue a final order finding the company in default and imposing the penalty.

  (e) The provisions of sections 105, 106, and 107 of this title shall apply to hearings conducted under this section.

  (f) The Commissioner may collect an unpaid administrative penalty by filing a civil action in Superior Court or through any other means available to State agencies.

  (g) The remedies authorized by this section shall be in addition to any other civil or criminal remedies provided by law for violation of this chapter. (Added 2018, No. 3 (Sp. Sess.), § 2.)

• § 754. Preemption; savings clause

  (a) Municipal ordinances, resolutions, or bylaws regulating transportation network companies are preempted to the extent they are inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter.

  (b) Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to a municipal ordinance, resolution, or bylaw regulating transportation network companies adopted by a municipality with a population of more than 35,000 residents based on the 2010 census and in effect on July 1, 2017. This subsection shall be repealed on July 1, 2025. (Added 2018, No. 3 (Sp. Sess.), § 2; amended 2019, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 39, eff. July 13, 2020; 2021, No. 184 (Adj. Sess.), § 63, eff. July 1, 2022.)