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Subchapter 001: GENERAL PROVISIONS
§ 3201. Definitions
As used in this chapter:
(1) “Business” includes every trade, occupation, and profession.
(2) “Debtor in bankruptcy” means a person who is the subject of:
(A) an order for relief under Title 11 of the U.S. Code or a comparable order under a
successor statute of general application; or
(B) a comparable order under federal, state, or foreign law governing insolvency.
(3) “Distribution” means a transfer of money or other property from a partnership to a
partner in the partner’s capacity as a partner or to the partner’s transferee.
(4) “Foreign limited liability partnership” means a partnership that:
(A) is formed under laws other than the laws of this State; and
(B) has the status of a limited liability partnership under those laws.
(5) “Limited liability partnership” means a partnership that has filed a statement of
qualification under section 3291 of this title and does not have a similar statement in effect in any other jurisdiction.
(6) “Partnership” means an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners
a business for profit formed under section 3212 of this title, predecessor law, or comparable law of another jurisdiction and includes for all
purposes of the laws of this State a limited liability partnership.
(7) “Partnership agreement” means the agreement, whether written, oral, or implied, among
the partners concerning the partnership, including amendments to the partnership agreement.
(8) “Partnership at will” means a partnership in which the partners have not agreed to
remain partners until the expiration of a definite term or the completion of a particular
undertaking.
(9) “Partnership interest” or “partner’s interest in the partnership” means all of a partner’s
interests in the partnership, including the partner’s transferable interest and all
management and other rights.
(10) “Person” means an individual, corporation, limited liability company, business trust,
estate, trust, partnership, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision,
agency, or instrumentality, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(11) “Property” means all property, real, personal, or mixed, tangible or intangible, or
any interest therein.
(12) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States.
(13) “Statement” means a statement of partnership authority under section 3223 of this title, a statement of denial under section 3224 of this title, a statement of dissociation under section 3264 of this title, a statement of dissolution under section 3275 of this title, a statement of merger under section 3287 of this title, a statement of qualification under section 3291 of this title, a statement of foreign qualification under section 3302 of this title; or an amendment or cancellation of any of the foregoing.
(14) “Transfer” includes an assignment, conveyance, lease, mortgage, deed, and encumbrance. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3202. Knowledge and notice
(a) A person knows a fact if the person has actual knowledge of it.
(b) A person has notice of a fact if the person:
(1) knows of it;
(2) has received a notification of it; or
(3) has reason to know it exists from all of the facts known to the person at the time
in question.
(c) A person notifies or gives a notification to another by taking steps reasonably required
to inform the other person in ordinary course, whether or not the other person learns
of it.
(d) A person receives a notification when the notification:
(1) comes to the person’s attention; or
(2) is duly delivered at the person’s place of business or at any other place held out
by the person as a place for receiving communications.
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f) of this section, a person other than
an individual knows, has notice, or receives a notification of a fact for purposes
of a particular transaction when the individual conducting the transaction knows,
has notice, or receives a notification of the fact, or in any event when the fact
would have been brought to the individual’s attention if the person had exercised
reasonable diligence. The person exercises reasonable diligence if it maintains reasonable
routines for communicating significant information to the individual conducting the
transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Reasonable diligence
does not require an individual acting for the person to communicate information unless
the communication is part of the individual’s regular duties or the individual has
reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected
by the information.
(f) A partner’s knowledge, notice, or receipt of a notification of a fact relating to
the partnership is effective immediately as knowledge by, notice to, or receipt of
a notification by the partnership, except in the case of a fraud on the partnership
committed by or with the consent of that partner. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3203. Effect of partnership agreement; nonwaivable provisions
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, relations among the
partners and between the partners and the partnership are governed by the partnership
agreement. Subsection (b) of this section shall be the exclusive list of rights, duties,
and provisions of this chapter which may not be varied by the partnership agreement.
To the extent the partnership agreement does not otherwise provide, this chapter governs
relations among the partners and between the partners and the partnership.
(b) The partnership agreement may not:
(1) vary the rights and duties under section 3205 of this title except to eliminate the duty under subsection 3205(e) of this title to provide copies of statements to all of the partners;
(2) unreasonably restrict the right of access to books and records under subsection 3233(b) of this title;
(3) eliminate the duty of loyalty under subsection 3234(b) or subdivision 3253(b)(3) of this title, but:
(A) the partnership agreement may identify specific types or categories of activities
that do not violate the duty of loyalty, if not manifestly unreasonable; or
(B) all of the partners or a number or percentage specified in the partnership agreement
may authorize or ratify, after full disclosure of all material facts, a specific act
or transaction that otherwise would violate the duty of loyalty;
(4) unreasonably reduce the duty of care under subsection 3234(c) or subdivision 3253(b)(3) of this title;
(5) eliminate the obligation of good faith and fair dealing under subsection 3234(d) of this title, but the partnership agreement may prescribe the standards by which the performance
of the obligation is to be measured, if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable;
(6) vary the power to dissociate as a partner under subsection 3252(a) of this title, except to require the notice under subdivision 3251(1) of this title to be in writing;
(7) vary the right of a court to expel a partner in the events specified in subdivision 3251(5) of this title;
(8) vary the requirement to wind up the partnership business in cases specified in subdivision
3271(4), (5), or (6) of this title;
(9) vary the law applicable to a limited liability partnership under subsection 3206(b) of this title; or
(10) restrict rights of third parties under this chapter unless such third parties have
agreed to be bound by such restrictions. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3204. Supplemental principles of law
(a) Unless displaced by particular provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and
equity supplement this chapter.
(b) If an obligation to pay interest arises under this chapter and the rate is not specified,
the rate shall be determined pursuant to 9 V.S.A. § 41a(a). (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3205. Execution, filing, and recording of statements
(a) A statement may be filed in the Office of the Secretary of State. A certified copy
of a statement that is filed in an office in another state may be filed in the Office
of the Secretary of State. Either filing has the effect provided in this chapter with
respect to partnership property located in or transactions that occur in this State.
(b) A certified copy of a statement that has been filed in the Office of the Secretary
of State has the effect provided for recorded statements in this chapter. A recorded
statement that is not a certified copy of a statement filed in the Office of the Secretary
of State does not have the effect provided for recorded statements in this chapter.
(c) A statement filed by a partnership must be executed by at least two partners. Other
statements must be executed by a partner or other person authorized by this chapter.
An individual who executes a statement as, or on behalf of, a partner or other person
named as a partner in a statement shall personally declare under penalty of perjury
that the contents of the statement are accurate.
(d) A person authorized by this chapter to file a statement may amend or cancel the statement
by filing an amendment or cancellation that names the partnership, identifies the
statement, and states the substance of the amendment or cancellation.
(e) A person who files a statement pursuant to this section shall promptly send a copy
of the statement to every nonfiling partner and to any other person named as a partner
in the statement. Failure to send a copy of a statement to a partner or other person
does not limit the effectiveness of the statement as to a person not a partner.
(f) The Secretary of State shall collect a fee for filing or providing a certified copy
of a statement as set forth in section 3310 of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3206. Governing law
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, the law of the jurisdiction
in which a partnership has its chief executive office governs relations among the
partners and between the partners and the partnership.
(b) The law of this State governs relations among the partners and between the partners
and the partnership and the liability of partners for an obligation of a limited liability
partnership. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3207. Partnership subject to amendment or repeal of chapter
A partnership governed by this chapter is subject to any amendment to or repeal of
this chapter. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 002: NATURE OF PARTNERSHIP
§ 3211. Partnership as entity
(a) A partnership is an entity distinct from its partners.
(b) A limited liability partnership continues to be the same entity that existed before
the filing of a statement of qualification under section 3291 of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3212. Formation of partnership
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, the association of
two or more persons to carry on as co-owners a business for profit forms a partnership,
whether or not the persons intend to form a partnership.
(b) An association formed under a statute other than this chapter, a predecessor statute,
or a comparable statute of another jurisdiction is not a partnership under this chapter
except that a statute of another jurisdiction relating to the formation of partnerships
or limited liability partnerships shall be deemed to be a comparable statute.
(c) In determining whether a partnership is formed, the following rules apply:
(1) Joint tenancy, tenancy in common, tenancy by the entireties, joint property, common
property, or part ownership does not by itself establish a partnership, even if the
co-owners share profits made by the use of the property.
(2) The sharing of gross returns does not by itself establish a partnership, even if the
persons sharing them have a joint or common right or interest in property from which
the returns are derived.
(3) A person who receives a share of the profits of a business is presumed to be a partner
in the business, unless the profits were received in payment:
(A) of a debt by installments or otherwise;
(B) for services as an independent contractor or of wages or other compensation to an
employee;
(C) of rent;
(D) of an annuity or other retirement or health benefit to a beneficiary, representative,
or designee of a deceased or retired partner;
(E) of interest or other charge on a loan, even if the amount of payment varies with the
profits of the business, including a direct or indirect present or future ownership
of the collateral, or rights to income, proceeds, or increase in value derived from
the collateral; or
(F) for the sale of the goodwill of a business or other property by installments or otherwise. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3213. Partnership property
Property acquired by a partnership is property of the partnership and not of the partners
individually. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3214. When property is partnership property
(a) Property is partnership property if acquired in the name of:
(1) the partnership; or
(2) one or more partners with an indication in the instrument transferring title to the
property of the person’s capacity as a partner or of the existence of a partnership
but without an indication of the name of the partnership.
(b) Property is acquired in the name of the partnership by a transfer to:
(1) the partnership in its name; or
(2) one or more partners in their capacity as partners in the partnership, if the name
of the partnership is indicated in the instrument transferring title to the property.
(c) Property is presumed to be partnership property if purchased with partnership assets,
even if not acquired in the name of the partnership or of one or more partners with
an indication in the instrument transferring title to the property of the person’s
capacity as a partner or of the existence of a partnership.
(d) Property acquired in the name of one or more of the partners, without an indication
in the instrument transferring title to the property of the person’s capacity as a
partner or of the existence of a partnership and without use of partnership assets,
is presumed to be separate property, even if used for partnership purposes. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 003: RELATIONS OF PARTNERS TO PERSONS DEALING WITH PARTNERSHIP
§ 3221. Partner agent of partnership
Subject to the effect of a statement of partnership authority under section 3223 of this title:
(1) Each partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business. An act
of a partner, including the execution of an instrument in the partnership name, for
apparently carrying on in the ordinary course the partnership business or business
of the kind carried on by the partnership binds the partnership, unless the partner
had no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter and the person
with whom the partner was dealing knew or had received a notification that the partner
lacked authority.
(2) An act of a partner which is not apparently for carrying on in the ordinary course
the partnership business or business of the kind carried on by the partnership binds
the partnership only if the act was authorized by the other partners. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3222. Transfer of partnership property
(a) Partnership property may be transferred as follows:
(1) Subject to the effect of a statement of partnership authority under section 3223 of this title, partnership property held in the name of the partnership may be transferred by an
instrument of transfer executed by a partner in the partnership name.
(2) Partnership property held in the name of one or more partners with an indication in
the instrument transferring the property to them of their capacity as partners or
of the existence of a partnership, but without an indication of the name of the partnership,
may be transferred by an instrument of transfer executed by the persons in whose name
the property is held.
(3) Partnership property held in the name of one or more persons other than the partnership,
without an indication in the instrument transferring the property to them of their
capacity as partners or of the existence of a partnership, may be transferred by an
instrument of transfer executed by the persons in whose name the property is held.
(b) A partnership may recover partnership property from a transferee only if it proves
that execution of the instrument of initial transfer did not bind the partnership
under section 3221 of this title; and
(1) as to a subsequent transferee who gave value for property transferred under subdivisions
(a)(1) and (2) of this section, proves that the subsequent transferee knew or had
received a notification that the person who executed the instrument of initial transfer
lacked authority to bind the partnership; or
(2) as to a transferee who gave value for property transferred under subdivision (a)(3)
of this section, proves that the transferee knew or had received a notification that
the property was partnership property and that the person who executed the instrument
of initial transfer lacked authority to bind the partnership.
(c) A partnership may not recover partnership property from a subsequent transferee if
the partnership would not have been entitled to recover the property, under subsection
(b) of this section, from any earlier transferee of the property.
(d) If a person holds all of the partners’ interests in the partnership, all of the partnership
property vests in that person. The person may execute a document in the name of the
partnership to evidence vesting of the property in that person and may file or record
the document. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3223. Statement of partnership authority
(a) A partnership may file a statement of partnership authority, which:
(1) must include:
(A) the name of the partnership;
(B) the street address of its chief executive office and of one office in this State,
if there is one;
(C) the names and mailing addresses of all of the partners or of an agent appointed and
maintained by the partnership for the purpose of subsection (b) of this section; and
(D) the names of the partners authorized to execute an instrument transferring real property
held in the name of the partnership; and
(2) may state the authority, or limitations on the authority, of some or all of the partners
to enter into other transactions on behalf of the partnership and any other matter.
(b) If a statement of partnership authority names an agent, the agent shall maintain a
list of the names and mailing addresses of all of the partners and make it available
to any person on request for good cause shown.
(c) If a filed statement of partnership authority is executed pursuant to subsection 3205(c) of this title and states the name of the partnership but does not contain all of the other information
required by subsection (a) of this section, the statement nevertheless operates with
respect to a person not a partner as provided in subsections (d) and (e) of this section.
(d) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) of this section, a filed statement
of partnership authority supplements the authority of a partner to enter into transactions
on behalf of the partnership as follows:
(1) Except for transfers of real property, a grant of authority contained in a filed statement
of partnership authority is conclusive in favor of a person who gives value without
knowledge to the contrary, so long as and to the extent that a limitation on that
authority is not then contained in another filed statement. A filed cancellation of
a limitation on authority revives the previous grant of authority.
(2) A grant of authority to transfer real property held in the name of the partnership
contained in a certified copy of a filed statement of partnership authority recorded
in the office for recording transfers of that real property is conclusive in favor
of a person who gives value without knowledge to the contrary, so long as and to the
extent that a certified copy of a filed statement containing a limitation on that
authority is not then of record in the office for recording transfers of that real
property. The recording in the office for recording transfers of that real property
of a certified copy of a filed cancellation of a limitation on authority revives the
previous grant of authority.
(e) A person not a partner is deemed to know of a limitation on the authority of a partner
to transfer real property held in the name of the partnership if a certified copy
of the filed statement containing the limitation on authority is of record in the
office for recording transfers of that real property.
(f) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (d) and (e) of this section and sections
3264 and 3275 of this title, a person not a partner is not deemed to know of a limitation on the authority of
a partner merely because the limitation is contained in a filed statement.
(g) Unless earlier canceled, a filed statement of partnership authority is canceled by
operation of law five years after the date on which the statement, or the most recent
amendment, was filed with the Secretary of State. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3224. Statement of denial
A partner or other person named as a partner in a filed statement of partnership authority
or in a list maintained by an agent pursuant to subsection 3223(b) of this title may file a statement of denial stating the name of the partnership and the fact that
is being denied, which may include denial of a person’s authority or status as a partner.
A statement of denial is a limitation on authority as provided in subsections 3223(d)
and (e) of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3225. Partnership liable for partner’s actionable conduct
(a) A partnership is liable for loss or injury caused to a person, or for a penalty incurred,
as a result of a wrongful act or omission, or other actionable conduct, of a partner
acting in the ordinary course of business of the partnership or with authority of
the partnership.
(b) If, in the course of the partnership’s business or while acting with authority of
the partnership, a partner receives or causes the partnership to receive money or
property of a person not a partner, and the money or property is misapplied by a partner,
the partnership is liable for the loss. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3226. Partner’s liability
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, all partners
are liable jointly and severally for all obligations of the partnership unless otherwise
agreed by the claimant or provided by law.
(b) A person admitted as a partner into an existing partnership is not personally liable
for any partnership obligation incurred before the person’s admission as a partner.
(c) An obligation of a partnership incurred while the partnership is a limited liability
partnership, whether arising in contract, tort, or otherwise, is solely the obligation
of the partnership. A partner is not personally liable, directly or indirectly, by
way of contribution or otherwise, for such an obligation solely by reason of being
or so acting as a partner. This subsection applies notwithstanding anything inconsistent
in the partnership agreement that existed immediately before the vote required to
become a limited liability partnership under subsection 3291(b) of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3227. Actions by and against partnership and partners
(a) A partnership may sue and be sued in the name of the partnership.
(b) An action may be brought against the partnership and, to the extent not inconsistent
with section 3226 of this title, any or all of the partners in the same action or in separate actions.
(c) A judgment against a partnership is not by itself a judgment against a partner. A
judgment against a partnership may not be satisfied from a partner’s assets unless
there is also a judgment against the partner.
(d) A judgment creditor of a partner may not levy execution against the assets of the
partner to satisfy a judgment based on a claim against the partnership unless the
partner is personally liable for the claim under section 3226 of this title and either:
(1) a judgment based on the same claim has been obtained against the partnership and a
writ of execution on the judgment has been returned unsatisfied in whole or in part;
(2) the partnership is a debtor in bankruptcy;
(3) the partner has agreed that the creditor need not exhaust partnership assets;
(4) a court grants permission to the judgment creditor to levy execution against the assets
of a partner based on a finding that partnership assets subject to execution are clearly
insufficient to satisfy the judgment, that exhaustion of partnership assets is excessively
burdensome, or that the grant of permission is an appropriate exercise of the court’s
equitable powers; or
(5) liability is imposed on the partner by law or contract independent of the existence
of the partnership.
(e) This section applies to any partnership liability or obligation resulting from a representation
by a partner or purported partner under section 3228 of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3228. Liability of purported partner
(a) If a person, by words or conduct, purports to be a partner, or consents to being represented
by another as a partner, in a partnership or with one or more persons not partners,
the purported partner is liable to a person to whom the representation is made, if
that person, relying on the representation, enters into a transaction with the actual
or purported partnership. If the representation, either by the purported partner or
by a person with the purported partner’s consent, is made in a public manner, the
purported partner is liable to a person who relies upon the purported partnership
even if the purported partner is not aware of being held out as a partner to the claimant.
If partnership liability results, the purported partner is liable with respect to
that liability as if the purported partner were a partner. If no partnership liability
results, the purported partner is liable with respect to that liability jointly and
severally with any other person consenting to the representation.
(b) If a person is thus represented to be a partner in an existing partnership, or with
one or more persons not partners, the purported partner is an agent of persons consenting
to the representation to bind them to the same extent and in the same manner as if
the purported partner were a partner, with respect to persons who enter into transactions
in reliance upon the representation. If all of the partners of the existing partnership
consent to the representation, a partnership act or obligation results. If fewer than
all of the partners of the existing partnership consent to the representation, the
person acting and the partners consenting to the representation are jointly and severally
liable.
(c) A person is not liable as a partner merely because the person is named by another
in a statement of partnership authority.
(d) A person does not continue to be liable as a partner merely because of a failure to
file a statement of dissociation or to amend a statement of partnership authority
to indicate the partner’s dissociation from the partnership.
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (a) and (b) of this section, persons who
are not partners as to each other are not liable as partners to other persons. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 004: RELATIONS OF PARTNERS TO EACH OTHER AND TO PARTNERSHIP
§ 3231. Partner’s rights and duties
(a) Each partner is deemed to have an account that is:
(1) credited with an amount equal to the money plus the value of any other property, net
of the amount of any liabilities, the partner contributes to the partnership and the
partner’s share of the partnership profits; and
(2) charged with an amount equal to the money plus the value of any other property, net
of the amount of any liabilities, distributed by the partnership to the partner and
the partner’s share of the partnership losses.
(b) Each partner is entitled to an equal share of the partnership profits. Except as provided
in subsections 3226(b) and (c) of this title, each partner is chargeable with a share
of the partnership losses, whether capital or operating, in proportion to the partner’s
share of the profits.
(c) A partnership shall reimburse a partner for payments made and indemnify a partner
for liabilities incurred by the partner in the ordinary course of the business of
the partnership or for the preservation of its business or property.
(d) A partnership shall reimburse a partner for an advance to the partnership beyond the
amount of capital the partner agreed to contribute.
(e) A payment or advance made by a partner which gives rise to a partnership obligation
under subsection (c) or (d) of this section constitutes a loan to the partnership
which accrues interest from the date of the payment or advance.
(f) Each partner has equal rights in the management and conduct of the partnership business.
(g) A partner may use or possess partnership property only on behalf of the partnership.
(h) A partner is not entitled to remuneration for services performed for the partnership,
except for reasonable compensation for services rendered in winding up the business
of the partnership.
(i) A person may become a partner only with the consent of all of the partners.
(j) A difference arising as to a matter in the ordinary course of business of a partnership
may be decided by a majority of the partners. An act outside the ordinary course of
business of a partnership and an amendment to the partnership agreement may be undertaken
only with the consent of all of the partners.
(k) This section does not affect the obligations of a partnership to other persons under
section 3221 of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3232. Distributions in kind
A partner has no right to receive, and may not be required to accept, a distribution
in kind. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3233. Partner’s rights and duties with respect to information
(a) A partnership shall keep its books and records, if any, at its chief executive office.
(b) A partnership shall provide partners and their agents and attorneys access to its
books and records. It shall provide former partners and their agents and attorneys
access to books and records pertaining to the period during which they were partners.
The right of access provides the opportunity to inspect and copy books and records
during ordinary business hours. A partnership may impose a reasonable charge, covering
the costs of labor and material, for copies of documents furnished.
(c) Each partner and the partnership shall furnish to a partner, and to the legal representative
of a deceased partner or partner under legal disability, with or without demand, any
information concerning the partnership’s business and affairs as is just and reasonable. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3234. General standards of partner’s conduct
(a) The only fiduciary duties a partner owes to the partnership and the other partners
are the duty of loyalty and the duty of care set forth in subsections (b) and (c)
of this section.
(b) A partner’s duty of loyalty to the partnership and the other partners is limited to
the following:
(1) to account to the partnership and hold as trustee for it any property, profit, or
benefit derived by the partner in the conduct and winding up of the partnership business
or derived from a use by the partner of partnership property, including the appropriation
of a partnership opportunity;
(2) to refrain from dealing with the partnership in the conduct or winding up of the partnership
business as or on behalf of a party having an interest adverse to the partnership;
and
(3) to refrain from competing with the partnership in the conduct of the partnership business
before the dissolution of the partnership.
(c) A partner’s duty of care to the partnership and the other partners in the conduct
and winding up of the partnership business is limited to refraining from engaging
in grossly negligent or reckless conduct, intentional misconduct, or a knowing violation
of law.
(d) A partner shall discharge the duties to the partnership and the other partners under
this chapter or under the partnership agreement and exercise any rights consistently
with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing.
(e) A partner does not violate a duty or obligation under this chapter or under the partnership
agreement merely because the partner’s conduct furthers the partner’s own interest.
(f) A partner may lend money to and transact other business with the partnership, and
as to each loan or transaction, the rights and obligations of the partner are the
same as those of a person who is not a partner, subject to other applicable law.
(g) This section applies to a person winding up the partnership business as the personal
or legal representative of the last surviving partner as if the person were a partner. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3235. Actions by partnership and partners
(a) A partnership may maintain an action against a partner for a breach of the partnership
agreement, or for the violation of a duty to the partnership, causing harm to the
partnership.
(b) A partner may maintain an action against the partnership or another partner for legal
or equitable relief, with or without an accounting as to partnership business, to:
(1) enforce the partner’s rights under the partnership agreement;
(2) enforce the partner’s rights under this chapter, including:
(A) the partner’s rights under section 3231, 3233, or 3234 of this title;
(B) the partner’s right on dissociation to have the partner’s interest in the partnership
purchased pursuant to section 3261 of this title or enforce any other right under subchapter 6 or 7 of this chapter; or
(C) the partner’s right to compel a dissolution and winding up of the partnership business
under section 3271 of this title or enforce any other right under subchapter 8 of this chapter; or
(3) enforce the rights and otherwise protect the interests of the partner, including rights
and interests arising independently of the partnership relationship.
(c) The accrual of, and any time limitation on, a right of action for a remedy under this
section is governed by other law. A right to an accounting upon a dissolution and
winding up does not revive a claim barred by law. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3236. Continuation of partnership beyond definite term or particular undertaking
(a) If a partnership for a definite term or particular undertaking is continued, without
an express agreement, after the expiration of the term or completion of the undertaking,
the rights and duties of the partners remain the same as they were at the expiration
or completion, so far as is consistent with a partnership at will.
(b) If the partners, or those of them who habitually acted in the business during the
term or undertaking, continue the business without any settlement or liquidation of
the partnership, they are presumed to have agreed that the partnership will continue. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 005: TRANSFEREES AND CREDITORS OF PARTNER
§ 3241. Partner not co-owner of partnership property
A partner is not a co-owner of partnership property and has no interest in partnership
property which can be transferred, either voluntarily or involuntarily. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3242. Partner’s transferable interest in partnership
The only transferable interest of a partner in the partnership is the partner’s share
of the profits and losses of the partnership and the partner’s right to receive distributions.
The interest is personal property. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3243. Transfer of partner’s transferable interest
(a) A transfer, in whole or in part, of a partner’s transferable interest in the partnership:
(1) is permissible;
(2) does not by itself cause the partner’s dissociation or a dissolution and winding up
of the partnership business; and
(3) does not, as against the other partners or the partnership, entitle the transferee,
during the continuance of the partnership, to participate in the management or conduct
of the partnership business, to require access to information concerning partnership
transactions, or to inspect or copy the partnership books or records.
(b) A transferee of a partner’s transferable interest in the partnership has a right:
(1) to receive, in accordance with the transfer, distributions to which the transferor
would otherwise be entitled;
(2) to receive upon the dissolution and winding up of the partnership business, in accordance
with the transfer, the net amount otherwise distributable to the transferor; and
(3) to seek under subdivision 3271(6) of this title a judicial determination that it is equitable to wind up the partnership business.
(c) In a dissolution and winding up, a transferee is entitled to an account of partnership
transactions only from the date of the latest account agreed to by all of the partners.
(d) Upon transfer, the transferor retains the rights and duties of a partner other than
the interest in distributions transferred.
(e) A partnership need not give effect to a transferee’s rights under this section until
it has notice of the transfer.
(f) A transfer of a partner’s transferable interest in the partnership in violation of
a restriction on transfer contained in the partnership agreement is ineffective as
to a person having notice of the restriction at the time of transfer. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3244. Partner’s transferable interest subject to charging order
(a) On application by a judgment creditor of a partner or of a partner’s transferee, a
court having jurisdiction may charge the transferable interest of the judgment debtor
to satisfy the judgment. The court may appoint a receiver of the share of the distributions
due or to become due to the judgment debtor in respect of the partnership and make
all other orders, directions, accounts, and inquiries the judgment debtor might have
made or which the circumstances of the case may require.
(b) A charging order constitutes a lien on the judgment debtor’s transferable interest
in the partnership. The court may order a foreclosure of the interest subject to the
charging order at any time. The purchaser at the foreclosure sale has the rights of
a transferee.
(c) At any time before foreclosure, an interest charged may be redeemed:
(1) by the judgment debtor;
(2) with property other than partnership property, by one or more of the other partners;
or
(3) with partnership property, by one or more of the other partners with the consent of
all of the partners whose interests are not so charged.
(d) This chapter does not deprive a partner of a right under exemption laws with respect
to the partner’s interest in the partnership.
(e) This section provides the exclusive remedy, except as provided in 9 V.S.A chapter 57, by which a judgment creditor of a partner or partner’s transferee may satisfy a
judgment out of the judgment debtor’s transferable interest in the partnership. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 006: PARTNER'S DISSOCIATION
§ 3251. Events causing partner’s dissociation
A partner is dissociated from a partnership upon the occurrence of any of the following
events:
(1) the partnership’s having notice of the partner’s express will to withdraw as a partner
or on a later date specified by the partner;
(2) an event agreed to in the partnership agreement as causing the partner’s dissociation;
(3) the partner’s expulsion pursuant to the partnership agreement;
(4) the partner’s expulsion by the unanimous vote of the other partners if:
(A) it is unlawful to carry on the partnership business with that partner;
(B) there has been a transfer of all or substantially all of that partner’s transferable
interest in the partnership, other than a transfer for security purposes, or a court
order charging the partner’s interest, which has not been foreclosed;
(C) within 90 days after the partnership notifies a corporate partner that it will be
expelled because it has filed a certificate of dissolution or the equivalent, its
charter has been revoked, or its right to conduct business has been suspended by the
jurisdiction of its incorporation, there is no revocation of the certificate of dissolution
or no reinstatement of its charter or its right to conduct business; or
(D) a partnership that is a partner has been dissolved and its business is being wound
up;
(5) on application by the partnership or another partner, the partner’s expulsion by judicial
determination because:
(A) the partner engaged in wrongful conduct that adversely and materially affected the
partnership business;
(B) the partner willfully or persistently committed a material breach of the partnership
agreement or of a duty owed to the partnership or the other partners under section 3234 of this title; or
(C) the partner engaged in conduct relating to the partnership business which makes it
not reasonably practicable to carry on the business in partnership with the partner;
(6) the partner’s:
(A) becoming a debtor in bankruptcy;
(B) executing an assignment for the benefit of creditors;
(C) seeking, consenting to, or acquiescing in the appointment of a trustee, receiver,
or liquidator of that partner or of all or substantially all of that partner’s property;
or
(D) failing, within 90 days after the appointment, to have vacated or stayed the appointment
of a trustee, receiver, or liquidator of the partner or of all or substantially all
of the partner’s property obtained without the partner’s consent or acquiescence,
or failing within 90 days after the expiration of a stay to have the appointment vacated;
(7) in the case of a partner who is an individual:
(A) the partner’s death;
(B) the appointment of a guardian or general conservator for the partner; or
(C) a judicial determination that the partner has otherwise become incapable of performing
the partner’s duties under the partnership agreement;
(8) in the case of a partner that is a trust or is acting as a partner by virtue of being
a trustee of a trust, distribution of the trust’s entire transferable interest in
the partnership, but not merely by reason of the substitution of a successor trustee;
(9) in the case of a partner that is an estate or is acting as a partner by virtue of
being a personal representative of an estate, distribution of the estate’s entire
transferable interest in the partnership, but not merely by reason of the substitution
of a successor personal representative; or
(10) termination of a partner who is not an individual, partnership, corporation, trust,
or estate. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3252. Partner’s power to dissociate; wrongful dissociation
(a) A partner has the power to dissociate at any time, rightfully or wrongfully, by express
will pursuant to subdivision 3251(1) of this title.
(b) A partner’s dissociation is wrongful only if:
(1) it is in breach of an express provision of the partnership agreement; or
(2) in the case of a partnership for a definite term or particular undertaking, before
the expiration of the term or the completion of the undertaking:
(A) the partner withdraws by express will, unless the withdrawal follows within 90 days
after another partner’s dissociation by death or otherwise under subdivisions 3251(6)
through (10) of this title or wrongful dissociation under this subsection;
(B) the partner is expelled by judicial determination under subdivision 3251(5) of this title;
(C) the partner is dissociated by becoming a debtor in bankruptcy; or
(D) in the case of a partner who is not an individual, trust other than a business trust,
or estate, the partner is expelled or otherwise dissociated because it willfully dissolved
or terminated.
(c) A partner who wrongfully dissociates is liable to the partnership and to the other
partners for damages caused by the dissociation. The liability is in addition to any
other obligation of the partner to the partnership or to the other partners. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3253. Effect of partner’s dissociation
(a) If a partner’s dissociation results in a dissolution and winding up of the partnership
business, subchapter 8 of this chapter applies; otherwise, subchapter 7 of this chapter
applies.
(b) Upon a partner’s dissociation:
(1) the partner’s right to participate in the management and conduct of the partnership
business terminates, except as otherwise provided in section 3273 of this title;
(2) the partner’s duty of loyalty under subdivision 3234(b)(3) of this title terminates; and
(3) the partner’s duty of loyalty under subdivisions 3234(b)(1) and (2) of this title
and duty of care under subsection 3234(c) of this title continue only with regard to matters arising and events occurring before the partner’s
dissociation, unless the partner participates in winding up the partnership’s business
pursuant to section 3273 of this title. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 007: PARTNER'S DISSOCIATION WHEN BUSINESS NOT WOUND UP
§ 3261. Purchase of dissociated partner’s interest
(a) If a partner is dissociated from a partnership without resulting in a dissolution
and winding up of the partnership business under section 3271 of this title, the partnership shall cause the dissociated partner’s interest in the partnership
to be purchased for a buyout price determined pursuant to subsection (b) of this section.
(b) The buyout price of a dissociated partner’s interest is the amount that would have
been distributable to the dissociating partner under subsection 3277(b) of this title, if, on the date of dissociation, the assets of the partnership were sold at a price
equal to the greater of the liquidation value or the value based on a sale of the
entire business as a going concern without the dissociated partner and the partnership
were wound up as of that date. Interest must be paid from the date of dissociation
to the date of payment.
(c) Damages for wrongful dissociation under subsection 3252(b) of this title, and all other amounts owing, whether or not presently due, from the dissociated
partner to the partnership, must be offset against the buyout price. Interest must
be paid from the date the amount owed becomes due to the date of payment.
(d) A partnership shall indemnify a dissociated partner whose interest is being purchased
against all partnership liabilities, whether incurred before or after the dissociation,
except liabilities incurred by an act of the dissociated partner under section 3262 of this title.
(e) If no agreement for the purchase of a dissociated partner’s interest is reached within
120 days after a written demand for payment, the partnership shall pay, or cause to
be paid, in cash to the dissociated partner the amount the partnership estimates to
be the buyout price and accrued interest, reduced by any offsets and accrued interest
under subsection (c) of this section.
(f) If a deferred payment is authorized under subsection (h) of this section, the partnership
may tender a written offer to pay the amount it estimates to be the buyout price and
accrued interest, reduced by any offsets under subsection (c) of this section, stating
the time of payment, the amount and type of security for payment, and the other terms
and conditions of the obligation.
(g) The payment or tender required by subsection (e) or (f) of this section must be accompanied
by the following:
(1) a statement of partnership assets and liabilities as of the date of dissociation;
(2) the latest available partnership balance sheet and income statement, if any;
(3) an explanation of how the estimated amount of the payment was calculated; and
(4) written notice that the payment is in full satisfaction of the obligation to purchase
unless, within 120 days after the written notice, the dissociated partner commences
an action to determine the buyout price, any offsets under subsection (c) of this
section, or other terms of the obligation to purchase.
(h) A partner who wrongfully dissociates before the expiration of a definite term or the
completion of a particular undertaking is not entitled to payment of any portion of
the buyout price until the expiration of the term or completion of the undertaking,
unless the partner establishes to the satisfaction of the court that earlier payment
will not cause undue hardship to the business of the partnership. A deferred payment
must be adequately secured and bear interest.
(i) A dissociated partner may maintain an action against the partnership, pursuant to
subdivision 3235(b)(2)(B) of this title, to determine the buyout price of that partner’s interest, any offsets under subsection
(c) of this section, or other terms of the obligation to purchase. The action must
be commenced within 120 days after the partnership has tendered payment or an offer
to pay or within one year after written demand for payment if no payment or offer
to pay is tendered. The court shall determine the buyout price of the dissociated
partner’s interest, any offset due under subsection (c) of this section, and accrued
interest, and enter judgment for any additional payment or refund. If deferred payment
is authorized under subsection (h) of this section, the court shall also determine
the security for payment and other terms of the obligation to purchase. The court
may assess reasonable attorney’s fees and the fees and expenses of appraisers or other
experts for a party to the action, in amounts the court finds equitable, against a
party that the court finds acted arbitrarily, vexatiously, or not in good faith. The
finding may be based on the partnership’s failure to tender payment or an offer to
pay or to comply with subsection (g) of this section. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3262. Dissociated partner’s power to bind and liability to partnership
(a) For two years after a partner dissociates without resulting in a dissolution and winding
up of the partnership business, the partnership, including a surviving partnership
under subchapter 9 of this title, is bound by an act of the dissociated partner which
would have bound the partnership under section 3221 of this title before dissociation only if at the time of entering into the transaction the other
party:
(1) reasonably believed that the dissociated partner was then a partner;
(2) did not have notice of the partner’s dissociation; and
(3) is not deemed to have had knowledge under subsection 3223(e) of this title, or notice under subsection 3264(c) of this title.
(b) A dissociated partner is liable to the partnership for any damage caused to the partnership
arising from an obligation incurred by the dissociated partner after dissociation
for which the partnership is liable under subsection (a) of this section. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3263. Dissociated partner’s liability to other persons
(a) A partner’s dissociation does not discharge the partner’s liability for a partnership
obligation incurred before dissociation. A dissociated partner is not liable for a
partnership obligation incurred after dissociation, except as otherwise provided in
subsection (b) of this section.
(b) A partner who dissociates without resulting in a dissolution and winding up of the
partnership business is liable as a partner to the other party in a transaction entered
into by the partnership, or a surviving partnership under subchapter 9 of this chapter,
within two years after the partner’s dissociation, only if the partner is liable for
the obligation under section 3226 of this title, and at the time of entering into the transaction the other party:
(1) reasonably believed that the dissociated partner was then a partner;
(2) did not have notice of the partner’s dissociation; and
(3) is not deemed to have had knowledge under subsection 3223(e) of this title or notice under subsection 3264(c) of this title.
(c) By agreement with the partnership creditor and the partners continuing the business,
a dissociated partner may be released from liability for a partnership obligation.
(d) A dissociated partner is released from liability for a partnership obligation if a
partnership creditor, with notice of the partner’s dissociation but without the partner’s
consent, agrees to a material alteration in the nature or time of payment of a partnership
obligation. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3264. Statement of dissociation
(a) A dissociated partner or the partnership may file a statement of dissociation stating
the name of the partnership and that the partner is dissociated from the partnership.
(b) A statement of dissociation is a limitation on the authority of a dissociated partner
for the purposes of subsections 3223(d) and (e) of this title.
(c) For the purposes of subdivisions 3262(a)(3) and 3263(b)(3) of this title, a person not a partner is deemed to have notice of the dissociation 90 days after
the statement of dissociation is filed. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3265. Continued use of partnership name
Continued use of a partnership name, or a dissociated partner’s name as part thereof,
by partners continuing the business does not of itself make the dissociated partner
liable for an obligation of the partners or the partnership continuing the business. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 008: WINDING UP PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS
§ 3271. Events causing dissolution and winding up of partnership business
A partnership is dissolved, and its business must be wound up, only upon the occurrence
of any of the following events:
(1) in a partnership at will, the partnership’s having notice from a partner, other than
a partner who is dissociated under subdivisions 3251(2) through (10) of this title,
of that partner’s express will to withdraw as a partner, or on a later date specified
by the partner;
(2) in a partnership for a definite term or particular undertaking:
(A) the expiration of 90 days after a partner’s dissociation by death or otherwise under
subdivisions 3251(6) through (10) of this title or wrongful dissociation under subsection 3252(b) of this title, unless before that time a majority in interest of the remaining partners, including
partners who have rightfully dissociated pursuant to subdivision 3252(b)(2)(A) of this title, agree to continue the partnership;
(B) the express will of all of the partners to wind up the partnership business; or
(C) the expiration of the term or the completion of the undertaking;
(3) an event agreed to in the partnership agreement resulting in the winding up of the
partnership business;
(4) an event that makes it unlawful for all or substantially all of the business of the
partnership to be continued, but a cure of illegality within 90 days after notice
to the partnership of the event is effective retroactively to the date of the event
for purposes of this section;
(5) on application by a partner, a judicial determination that:
(A) the economic purpose of the partnership is likely to be unreasonably frustrated;
(B) another partner has engaged in conduct relating to the partnership business which
makes it not reasonably practicable to carry on the business in partnership with that
partner; or
(C) it is not otherwise reasonably practicable to carry on the partnership business in
conformity with the partnership agreement; or
(6) on application by a transferee of a partner’s transferable interest, a judicial determination
that it is equitable to wind up the partnership business:
(A) after the expiration of the term or completion of the undertaking, if the partnership
was for a definite term or particular undertaking at the time of the transfer or entry
of the charging order that gave rise to the transfer; or
(B) at any time, if the partnership was a partnership at will at the time of the transfer
or entry of the charging order that gave rise to the transfer. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3272. Partnership continues after dissolution
(a) Subject to subsection (b) of this section, a partnership continues after dissolution
only for the purpose of winding up its business. The partnership is terminated when
the winding up of its business is completed.
(b) At any time after the dissolution of a partnership and before the winding up of its
business is completed, all of the partners, including any dissociating partner other
than a wrongfully dissociating partner, may waive the right to have the partnership’s
business wound up and the partnership terminated. In that event:
(1) the partnership resumes carrying on its business as if dissolution had never occurred,
and any liability incurred by the partnership or a partner after the dissolution and
before the waiver is determined as if dissolution had never occurred; and
(2) the rights of a third party accruing under subdivision 3274(1) of this title or arising out of conduct in reliance on the dissolution before the third party knew
or received a notification of the waiver may not be adversely affected. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3273. Right to wind up partnership business
(a) After dissolution, a partner who has not wrongfully dissociated may participate in
winding up the partnership’s business, but on application of any partner, partner’s
legal representative, or transferee, the Superior Court, for good cause shown, may
order judicial supervision of the winding up. Venue for such a proceeding lies in
the county where the partnership’s principal office is or was located.
(b) The legal representative of the last surviving partner may wind up a partnership’s
business.
(c) A person winding up a partnership’s business may preserve the partnership business
or property as a going concern for a reasonable time, prosecute and defend actions
and proceedings, whether civil, criminal, or administrative, settle and close the
partnership’s business, dispose of and transfer the partnership’s property, discharge
the partnership’s liabilities, distribute the assets of the partnership pursuant to
section 3277 of this title, settle disputes by mediation or arbitration, and perform other necessary acts. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3274. Partner’s power to bind partnership after dissolution
Subject to section 3275 of this title, a partnership is bound by a partner’s act after dissolution that:
(1) is appropriate for winding up the partnership business; or
(2) would have bound the partnership under section 3221 of this title before dissolution, if the other party to the transaction did not have notice of
the dissolution. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3275. Statement of dissolution
(a) After dissolution, a partner who has not wrongfully dissociated may file a statement
of dissolution stating the name of the partnership and that the partnership has dissolved
and is winding up its business.
(b) A statement of dissolution cancels a filed statement of partnership authority for
the purposes of subsection 3223(d) of this title, and is a limitation on authority for the purposes of subsection 3223(e) of this title.
(c) For the purposes of sections 3221 and 3274 of this title, a person not a partner is deemed to have notice of the dissolution and the limitation
on the partners’ authority as a result of the statement of dissolution 90 days after
it is filed.
(d) After filing and, if appropriate, recording a statement of dissolution, a dissolved
partnership may file and, if appropriate, record a statement of partnership authority
which will operate with respect to a person not a partner as provided in subsections
3223(d) and (e) of this title in any transaction, whether or not the transaction is
appropriate for winding up the partnership business. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3276. Partner’s liability to other partners after dissolution
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section and section 3226 of this title, after dissolution a partner is liable to the other partners for the partner’s share
of any partnership liability incurred under section 3274 of this title.
(b) A partner who, with knowledge of the dissolution, incurs a partnership liability under
subdivision 3274(2) of this title by an act that is not appropriate for winding up the partnership business is liable
to the partnership for any damage caused to the partnership arising from the liability. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3277. Settlement of accounts and contributions among partners
(a) In winding up a partnership’s business, the assets of the partnership, including the
contributions of the partners required by this section, must be applied to discharge
its obligations to creditors, including, to the extent permitted by law, partners
who are creditors. Any surplus must be applied to pay in cash the net amount distributable
to partners in accordance with their right to distributions under subsection (b) of
this section.
(b) Each partner is entitled to a settlement of all partnership accounts upon winding
up the partnership business. In settling accounts among the partners, profits and
losses that result from the liquidation of the partnership assets must be credited
and charged to the partners’ accounts. The partnership shall make a distribution to
a partner in an amount equal to any excess of the credits over the charges in the
partner’s account. A partner shall contribute to the partnership an amount equal to
any excess of the charges over the credits in the partner’s account but excluding
from the calculation charges attributable to an obligation for which the partner is
not personally liable under section 3226 of this title.
(c) If a partner fails to contribute the full amount required under subsection (b) of
this section, all of the other partners shall contribute, in the proportions in which
those partners share partnership losses, the additional amount necessary to satisfy
the partnership obligations for which they are personally liable under section 3226 of this title. A partner or partner’s legal representative may recover from the other partners
any contributions the partner makes to the extent the amount contributed exceeds that
partner’s share of the partnership obligations for which the partner is personally
liable under section 3226 of this title.
(d) After the settlement of accounts, each partner shall contribute, in the proportion
in which the partner shares partnership losses, the amount necessary to satisfy partnership
obligations that were not known at the time of the settlement and for which the partner
is personally liable under section 3226 of this title.
(e) The estate of a deceased partner is liable for the partner’s obligation to contribute
to the partnership.
(f) An assignee for the benefit of creditors of a partnership or a partner, or a person
appointed by a court to represent creditors of a partnership or a partner, may enforce
a partner’s obligation to contribute to the partnership. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 009: CONVERSIONS AND MERGERS
§ 3281. Definitions
In this subchapter:
(1) “General partner” means a partner in a partnership and a general partner in a limited
partnership.
(2) “Limited partner” means a limited partner in a limited partnership.
(3) “Limited partnership” means a limited partnership created under the Uniform Limited
Partnership Act, predecessor law, or comparable law of another jurisdiction.
(4) “Partner” includes both a general partner and a limited partner. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3282. Conversion of partnership to limited partnership
(a) A partnership may be converted to a limited partnership pursuant to this section.
(b) The terms and conditions of a conversion of a partnership to a limited partnership
must be approved by all of the partners or by a number or percentage specified for
conversion in the partnership agreement.
(c) After the conversion is approved by the partners, the partnership shall file a certificate
of limited partnership in the jurisdiction in which the limited partnership is to
be formed. The certificate must include:
(1) a statement that the partnership was converted to a limited partnership from a partnership;
(2) its former name; and
(3) a statement of the number of votes cast by the partners for and against the conversion
and, if the vote is less than unanimous, the number or percentage required to approve
the conversion under the partnership agreement.
(d) The conversion takes effect when the certificate of limited partnership is filed or
at any later date specified in the certificate.
(e) A general partner who becomes a limited partner as a result of the conversion remains
liable as a general partner for an obligation incurred by the partnership before the
conversion takes effect. If the other party to a transaction with the limited partnership
reasonably believes when entering the transaction that the limited partner is a general
partner, the limited partner is liable for an obligation incurred by the limited partnership
within 90 days after the conversion takes effect. The limited partner’s liability
for all other obligations of the limited partnership incurred after the conversion
takes effect is that of a limited partner as provided in the Uniform Limited Partnership
Act. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3283. Conversion of limited partnership to partnership
(a) A limited partnership may be converted to a partnership pursuant to this section.
(b) Notwithstanding a provision to the contrary in a limited partnership agreement, the
terms and conditions of a conversion of a limited partnership to a partnership must
be approved by all of the partners.
(c) After the conversion is approved by the partners, the limited partnership shall cancel
its certificate of limited partnership.
(d) The conversion takes effect when the certificate of limited partnership is canceled.
(e) A limited partner who becomes a general partner as a result of the conversion remains
liable only as a limited partner for an obligation incurred by the limited partnership
before the conversion takes effect. Except as otherwise provided in section 3226 of this title, the partner is liable as a general partner for an obligation of the partnership
incurred after the conversion takes effect. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3284. Effect of conversion; entity unchanged
(a) A partnership or limited partnership that has been converted pursuant to this subchapter
is for all purposes the same entity that existed before the conversion.
(b) When a conversion takes effect:
(1) all property owned by the converting partnership or limited partnership remains vested
in the converted entity;
(2) all obligations of the converting partnership or limited partnership continue as obligations
of the converted entity; and
(3) an action or proceeding pending against the converting partnership or limited partnership
may be continued as if the conversion had not occurred. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3285. Merger of partnerships
(a) Pursuant to a plan of merger approved as provided in subsection (c) of this section,
a partnership may be merged with one or more partnerships or limited partnerships.
(b) The plan of merger must set forth:
(1) the name of each partnership or limited partnership that is a party to the merger;
(2) the name of the surviving entity into which the other partnerships or limited partnerships
will merge;
(3) whether the surviving entity is a partnership or a limited partnership and the status
of each partner;
(4) the terms and conditions of the merger;
(5) the manner and basis of converting the interests of each party to the merger into
interests or obligations of the surviving entity, or into money or other property
in whole or in part; and
(6) the street address of the surviving entity’s chief executive office.
(c) The plan of merger must be approved:
(1) in the case of a partnership that is a party to the merger, by all of the partners,
or a number or percentage specified for merger in the partnership agreement; and
(2) in the case of a limited partnership that is a party to the merger, by the vote required
for approval of a merger by the law of the state or foreign jurisdiction in which
the limited partnership is organized and, in the absence of such a specifically applicable
law, by all of the partners, notwithstanding a provision to the contrary in the partnership
agreement.
(d) After a plan of merger is approved and before the merger takes effect, the plan may
be amended or abandoned as provided in the plan.
(e) The merger takes effect on the later of:
(1) the approval of the plan of merger by all parties to the merger, as provided in subsection
(c) of this section;
(2) the filing of all documents required by law to be filed as a condition to the effectiveness
of the merger; or
(3) any effective date specified in the plan of merger. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3286. Effect of merger
(a) When a merger takes effect:
(1) the separate existence of every partnership or limited partnership that is a party
to the merger, other than the surviving entity, ceases;
(2) all property owned by each of the merged partnerships or limited partnerships vests
in the surviving entity;
(3) all obligations of every partnership or limited partnership that is a party to the
merger become the obligations of the surviving entity; and
(4) an action or proceeding pending against a partnership or limited partnership that
is a party to the merger may be continued as if the merger had not occurred, or the
surviving entity may be substituted as a party to the action or proceeding.
(b) The Secretary of State of this State is the agent for service of process in an action
or proceeding against a surviving foreign partnership or limited partnership to enforce
an obligation of a domestic partnership or limited partnership that is a party to
a merger. The surviving entity shall promptly notify the Secretary of State of the
mailing address of its chief executive office and of any change of address. Upon receipt
of process, the Secretary of State shall mail a copy of the process to the surviving
foreign partnership or limited partnership.
(c) A partner of the surviving partnership or limited partnership is liable for:
(1) all obligations of a party to the merger for which the partner was personally liable
before the merger;
(2) all other obligations of the surviving entity incurred before the merger by a party
to the merger, but those obligations may be satisfied only out of property of the
entity; and
(3) except as otherwise provided in section 3226 of this title, all obligations of the surviving entity incurred after the merger takes effect,
but those obligations may be satisfied only out of property of the entity if the partner
is a limited partner.
(d) If the obligations incurred before the merger by a party to the merger are not satisfied
out of the property of the surviving partnership or limited partnership, the general
partners of that party immediately before the effective date of the merger shall contribute
the amount necessary to satisfy that party’s obligations to the surviving entity,
in the manner provided in section 3277 of this title, or in the Uniform Limited Partnership Act of the jurisdiction in which the party
was formed, as the case may be, as if the merged party were dissolved.
(e) A partner of a party to a merger who does not become a partner of the surviving partnership
or limited partnership is dissociated from the entity, of which that partner was a
partner, as of the date the merger takes effect. The surviving entity shall cause
the partner’s interest in the entity to be purchased under section 3261 of this title, or another statute specifically applicable to that partner’s interest with respect
to a merger. The surviving entity is bound under section 3262 of this title by an act of a general partner dissociated under this subsection, and the partner
is liable under section 3263 of this title for transactions entered into by the surviving entity after the merger takes effect. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3287. Statement of merger
(a) After a merger, the surviving partnership or limited partnership may file a statement
that one or more partnerships or limited partnerships have merged into the surviving
entity.
(b) A statement of merger must contain:
(1) the name of each partnership or limited partnership that is a party to the merger;
(2) the name of the surviving entity into which the other partnerships or limited partnerships
were merged;
(3) the street address of the surviving entity’s chief executive office and of an office
in this state, if any; and
(4) whether the surviving entity is a partnership or a limited partnership.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section, for the purposes of
section 3222 of this title, property of the surviving partnership or limited partnership which before the merger
was held in the name of another party to the merger is property held in the name of
the surviving entity upon filing a statement of merger.
(d) For the purposes of section 3222 of this title, real property of the surviving partnership or limited partnership which before the
merger was held in the name of another party to the merger is property held in the
name of the surviving entity upon recording a certified copy of the statement of merger
in the office for recording transfers of that real property.
(e) A filed and, if appropriate, recorded statement of merger, executed and declared to
be accurate pursuant to subsection 3205(c) of this title, stating the name of a partnership or limited partnership that is a party to the
merger in whose name property was held before the merger and the name of the surviving
entity, but not containing all of the other information required by subsection (b)
of this section, operates with respect to the partnerships or limited partnerships
named to the extent provided in subsections (c) and (d) of this section. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3288. Nonexclusive
This subchapter is not exclusive. Partnerships or limited partnerships may be converted
or merged in any other manner provided by law. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
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Subchapter 010: LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP
§ 3291. Statement of qualification
(a)(1) Any lawful partnership may become a limited liability partnership pursuant to this
section.
(2) A limited liability partnership or a foreign limited liability partnership engaging
in a business subject to any other provisions of law of this State governing or regulating
business may be formed or authorized to transact business under this chapter only
if permitted by, and subject to all limitations of, the other statute. The following
shall not be formed or authorized to transact business under this chapter:
(A) credit unions regulated under Title 8;
(B) insurance companies regulated under Title 8;
(C) railroad companies regulated under Title 19.
(b) The terms and conditions on which a partnership becomes a limited liability partnership
must be approved by the vote necessary to amend the partnership agreement except,
in the case of a partnership agreement that expressly considers obligations to contribute
to the partnership, the vote necessary to amend those provisions.
(c) After the approval required by subsection (b) of this section, a partnership may only
become a limited liability partnership by filing a statement of qualification. The
statement must contain:
(1) the name of the partnership;
(2) the location of the principal place of business in this State;
(3) if the partnership does not have a principal place of business in this State, the
name, email, and address information of the partnership’s agent for service of process
pursuant to section 1655 of this title;
(4) a statement that the partnership elects to be a limited liability partnership; and
(5) a deferred effective date, if any.
(d) [Repealed.]
(e) The status of a partnership as a limited liability partnership is effective on the
later of the filing of the statement or a date specified in the statement. The status
remains effective, regardless of changes in the partnership, until it is canceled
pursuant to subsection 3205(d) of this title or revoked pursuant to section 3293 of this title.
(f) The status of a partnership as a limited liability partnership and the liability of
its partners is not affected by errors or later changes in the information required
to be contained in the statement of qualification under subsection (c) of this section.
(g) The filing of a statement of qualification establishes that a partnership has satisfied
all conditions precedent to the qualification of the partnership as a limited liability
partnership.
(h) An amendment or cancellation of a statement of qualification is effective when it
is filed or on a deferred effective date specified in the amendment or cancellation. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 1999, No. 153 (Adj. Sess.), § 24, eff. Jan. 1, 2001; 2025, No. 10, § 5, eff. July 1, 2025.)
§ 3292. Name
(a) The name of a limited liability partnership must end with “Registered Limited Liability
Partnership,” “Limited Liability Partnership,” “R.L.L.P.,” “L.L.P.,” “RLLP,” or “LLP.”
(b) Except as authorized by subsections (c) and (d) of this section, a limited liability
partnership’s name shall be distinguishable in the records of the Secretary of State
from any name granted, registered, or reserved under this chapter, or the name of
any other entity, whether domestic or foreign, that is granted, reserved, or registered
by or with the Secretary of State.
(c) A limited liability partnership may apply to the Secretary of State for authorization
to use a name that is not distinguishable in the records of the Secretary of State
from one or more of the names described in subsection (b) of this section. The Secretary
of State shall authorize use of the name applied for if:
(1) the other entity consents to the use in writing and submits an undertaking in a form
satisfactory to the Secretary of State to change its name to a name that is distinguishable
in the records from the name of the applying company; or
(2) the applicant delivers to the Secretary of State a certified copy of the final judgment
of a court of competent jurisdiction establishing the applicant’s right to use the
name applied for in this State.
(d) A limited liability partnership may use the name, including the trade name, of another
domestic or foreign limited liability partnership that is used in this State if the
other partnership is organized or authorized to transact business in this State and
the proposed user partnership:
(1) has merged with the other partnership;
(2) has been formed by reorganization of the other partnership; or
(3) has acquired all or substantially all of the assets, including the name, of the other
partnership.
(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a limited liability partnership or foreign
limited liability partnership that renders professional service may use as its name
all or some of the names of individual present or former partners of the partnership
or a predecessor partnership, as permitted by the applicable rules of ethics and by
the applicable statutory or regulatory provisions governing the rendering of such
professional service. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2015, No. 17, § 5.)
§ 3293. Annual report
(a) A limited liability partnership, and a foreign limited liability partnership authorized
to transact business in this State, shall file an annual report in the Office of the
Secretary of State that contains:
(1) the name of the limited liability partnership and the state or other jurisdiction
under whose laws the foreign limited liability partnership is formed;
(2) the address of the partnership’s principal office and, if different, the address of
an office in this State, if any; and
(3) if the partnership does not have an office in this State, the name, email, and address
of the partnership’s designated agent for service of process.
(b) An annual report must be filed between January 1 and April 1 of each year following
the calendar year in which a partnership files a statement of qualification or a foreign
partnership becomes authorized to transact business in this State.
(c) The Secretary of State may revoke the statement of qualification of a partnership
that fails to file an annual report when due or pay the required filing fee. To do
so, the Secretary of State shall provide the partnership at least 60 days’ written
notice of intent to revoke the statement. The notice must be mailed to the partnership
at its designated office set forth in the last filed statement of qualification or
annual report. The notice must specify the annual report that has not been filed,
the fee that has not been paid, and the effective date of the revocation. The revocation
is not effective if the annual report is filed and the fee is paid before the effective
date of the revocation.
(d) A revocation under subsection (c) of this section only affects a partnership’s status
as a limited liability partnership and is not an event of dissolution of the partnership.
(e) A partnership whose statement of qualification has been revoked may apply to the Secretary
of State for reinstatement within two years after the effective date of the revocation.
The application must state:
(1) the name of the partnership and the effective date of the revocation; and
(2) that the ground for revocation either did not exist or has been corrected.
(f) A reinstatement under subsection (e) of this section relates back to and takes effect
as of the effective date of the revocation, and the partnership’s status as a limited
liability partnership continues as if the revocation had never occurred.
(g) The Secretary of State shall amend its records to reflect a change, if specified in
the report, to the business’s purpose, email, address, or principal information. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2025, No. 10, § 5, eff. July 1, 2025.)
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Subchapter 011: FOREIGN LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP
§ 3301. Law governing foreign limited liability partnership
(a) The law under which a foreign limited liability partnership is formed governs relations
among the partners and between the partners and the partnership and the liability
of partners for obligations of the partnership.
(b) A foreign limited liability partnership may not be denied a statement of foreign qualification
by reason of any difference between the law under which the partnership was formed
and the law of this State.
(c) A statement of foreign qualification does not authorize a foreign limited liability
partnership to engage in any business or exercise any power that a partnership may
not engage in or exercise in this State as a limited liability partnership. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3302. Statement of foreign qualification
(a) Before transacting business in this State, a foreign limited liability partnership
must file a statement of foreign qualification. The statement must contain:
(1) The name of the foreign limited liability partnership which satisfies the requirements
of section 3292 of this title and the state or other jurisdiction under whose law it is formed and ends with “Registered
Limited Liability Partnership,” “Limited Liability Partnership,” “R.L.L.P.,” “L.L.P.,”
“RLLP,” or “LLP.” In the event that the name of the foreign limited liability partnership
does not satisfy the requirements of section 3292 of this title, the foreign limited liability partnership shall use an available trade name to transact
business in this State if it delivers to the Secretary of State for filing a copy
of the statement executed by at least two partners adopting the trade name.
(2) The street address of the partnership’s principal office and, if different, the street
address of an office of the partnership in this State, if any.
(3) If there is no office of the partnership in this State, the name, email, and address
information of the partnership’s agent for service of process pursuant to section 1655 of this title.
(4) A deferred effective date, if any.
(b) [Repealed.]
(c) The status of a partnership as a foreign limited liability partnership is effective
on the later of the filing of the statement of foreign qualification or a date specified
in the statement. The status remains effective, regardless of changes in the partnership,
until it is canceled pursuant to subsection 3205(d) or revoked pursuant to section 3293 of this title.
(d) An amendment or cancellation of a statement of foreign qualification is effective
when it is filed or on a deferred effective date specified in the amendment or cancellation. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2025, No. 10, § 5, eff. July 1, 2025.)
§ 3303. Effect of failure to qualify
(a)(1) A foreign limited liability partnership transacting business in this State may not
maintain an action or proceeding or raise a counterclaim, crossclaim, or affirmative
defense in this State unless it has in effect a statement of foreign qualification.
(2) The successor to a foreign limited liability partnership that transacted business
in this State without a statement of foreign qualification in effect and the assignee
of a cause of action arising out of that business may not maintain a proceeding or
raise a counterclaim, crossclaim, or affirmative defense based on that cause of action
in any court in this State until the foreign limited liability partnership or its
successor or assignee files a statement of foreign qualification.
(b) The failure of a foreign limited liability partnership to have in effect a statement
of foreign qualification does not impair the validity of a contract or act of the
foreign limited liability partnership or preclude it from defending an action or proceeding
in this State.
(c) A limitation on personal liability of a partner is not waived solely by transacting
business in this State without a statement of foreign qualification.
(d) If a foreign limited liability partnership transacts business in this State without
a statement of foreign qualification, the Secretary of State is its agent for service
of process with respect to a right of action arising out of the transaction of business
in this State.
(e) A foreign limited liability partnership that transacts business in this State without
a statement of foreign qualification shall be liable to the State for:
(1) a civil penalty of $50.00 for each day, not to exceed a total of $10,000.00 for each
year, it transacts business in this State without a statement of foreign qualification;
(2) an amount equal to the fees due under this chapter during the period it transacted
business in this State without a statement of foreign qualification; and
(3) other penalties imposed by law. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2015, No. 128 (Adj. Sess.), § C.4; 2025, No. 10, § 5, eff. July 1, 2025.)
§ 3304. Activities not constituting transacting business
(a) Activities of a foreign limited liability partnership which do not constitute transacting
business for the purpose of this subchapter include:
(1) maintaining, defending, or settling an action or proceeding;
(2) holding meetings of its partners or carrying on any other activity concerning its
internal affairs;
(3) maintaining bank accounts;
(4) maintaining offices or agencies for the transfer, exchange, and registration of the
partnership’s own securities or maintaining trustees or depositories with respect
to those securities;
(5) selling through independent contractors;
(6) soliciting or obtaining orders, whether by mail or through employees or agents or
otherwise, if the orders require acceptance outside this State before they become
contracts;
(7) creating or acquiring indebtedness, with or without a mortgage, or other security
interest in personal property;
(8) collecting debts or foreclosing mortgages or other security interests in property
securing the debts, and holding, protecting, and maintaining property so acquired;
(9) conducting an isolated transaction that is completed within 30 days and is not one
in the course of similar transactions; and
(10) transacting business in interstate commerce.
(b) For purposes of this subchapter, the ownership in this State of income producing real
property or tangible personal property, other than property excluded under subsection
(a) of this section, constitutes transacting business in this State.
(c) This section does not apply in determining the contacts or activities that may subject
a foreign limited liability partnership to service of process, taxation, or regulation
under any other law of this State. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3305. Action by Attorney General
The Attorney General may maintain an action in the Civil Division of the Superior
Court to collect the penalties imposed in section 3303 of this title and to restrain a foreign limited liability partnership from transacting business
in this State in violation of this subchapter. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2015, No. 128 (Adj. Sess.), § C.5.)
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Subchapter 012: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
§ 3310. Fees
(a) The Secretary of State shall collect the following fees when a document described
in this section is delivered to the Office of the Secretary of State for filing:
| |
(1) Statement of authority |
$155.00 |
| |
(2) Statement of denial |
$25.00 |
| |
(3) Statement of dissociation |
$20.00 |
| |
(4) Statement of dissolution |
$20.00 |
| |
(5) Statement of merger |
$85.00 |
| |
(6) Statement of qualification |
$130.00 |
| |
(7) Statement of foreign qualification |
$170.00 |
| |
(8) Amendment |
$45.00 |
| |
(9) Cancellation |
$10.00 |
| |
(10) Annual report of domestic limited liability partnership |
$30.00 |
| |
(11) Annual report of foreign limited liability partnership |
$170.00 |
| |
(12) Reinstatement |
$45.00 |
| |
(13) Statement of change of designated agent or designated office, or both |
$35.00 not to
exceed $1,000.00
per filer per
calendar year
|
| |
(14) Application for certificate of good standing |
$45.00 |
| |
(15) Any other document permitted or required to be filed by this chapter |
$20.00 |
| |
(16) Amendment – Foreign |
$35.00 |
(b) The Secretary of State shall collect the following fees:
(1) $ 25.00 each time process is served on the Secretary under this chapter. The party
to a proceeding causing service of process is entitled to recover this fee as costs
if he or she prevails in the proceeding.
(2) $ 25.00 for the certificate certifying the copy of any filed document related to a
partnership, limited liability partnership, or a foreign limited liability partnership. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999; amended 2003, No. 70 (Adj. Sess.), § 13, eff. March 1, 2004; 2013, No. 72, § 7; 2023, No. 77, § 38, eff. June 20, 2023.)
§ 3311. Uniformity of application and construction
This chapter shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make
uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting
it. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3312. Applicability
(a) Before January 1, 1999, this chapter governs only a partnership formed:
(1) after the effective date of this chapter, except a partnership that is continuing
the business of a dissolved partnership under section 1333 of this title; and
(2) before the effective date of this chapter, that elects, as provided by subsection
(c) of this section, to be governed by this chapter.
(b) On and after January 1, 1999, this chapter governs all partnerships.
(c) Before January 1, 1999, a partnership voluntarily may elect, in the manner provided
in its partnership agreement or by law for amending the partnership agreement, to
be governed by this chapter. The provisions of this chapter relating to the liability
of the partnership’s partners to third parties apply to limit those partners’ liability
to a third party who had done business with the partnership within one year before
the partnership’s election to be governed by this chapter, only if the third party
knows or has received a notification of the partnership’s election to be governed
by this chapter. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)
§ 3313. Savings clause
The enactment of this chapter does not affect an action or proceeding commenced or
right accrued before this chapter takes effect. (Added 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1999.)